Abelian variety

2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 14-XX [MSN][ZBL]

An Abelian variety is an algebraic group that is a complete algebraic variety. The completeness condition implies severe restrictions on an Abelian variety. Thus, an Abelian variety can be imbedded as a closed subvariety in a projective space; each rational mapping of a non-singular variety into an Abelian variety is regular; the group law on an Abelian variety is commutative.

The theory of Abelian varieties over the field of complex numbers $\C$ is, in essence, equivalent to the theory of Abelian functions founded by C.G.J. Jacobi, N.H. Abel and B. Riemann. If $\C^n$ denotes $n$-dimension vector space, $\Gamma\subset\C^n$ is a lattice (cf. Discrete subgroup) of rank $2n$, then the quotient group $X=\C^n/\Gamma$ is a complex torus. Meromorphic functions on $X$ are the same thing as meromorphic functions on $\C^n$ that are invariant with respect to the period lattice $\Gamma$. If the field $K$ of meromorphic functions on $X$ has transcendence degree $n$, then $X$ can be given the structure of an algebraic group. This structure is unique by virtue of the compactness of $X$, and it is such that the field of rational functions of this structure coincides with $K$. The algebraic groups formed in this way are Abelian varieties, and each Abelian variety over the field $\C$ arises in this way. The matrix which defines a basis of $\Gamma$ can be reduced to the form $(E|Z)$, where $E$ is the identity matrix and $Z$ is a matrix of order $n\times n$. The complex torus $X=\C^n/\Gamma$ is an Abelian variety if and only if $Z$ is symmetric and has positive-definite imaginary part. It should be pointed out that, as real Lie groups, all varieties $X$ are isomorphic, but this is not true for their analytic or algebraic structures, which vary strongly when deforming the lattice $\Gamma$. Inspection of the period matrix $Z$ shows that its variation has an analytic character, which results in the construction of the moduli variety of all Abelian varieties of given dimension $n$. The dimension of the moduli variety is $n(n+1)/2$ (cf. Moduli problem).

The theory of Abelian varieties over an arbitrary field $k$ is due to A. Weil [We], [We2]. It has numerous applications both in algebraic geometry itself and in other fields of mathematics, particularly in number theory and in the theory of automorphic functions. To each complete algebraic variety, Abelian varieties (cf. Albanese variety; Picard variety; Intermediate Jacobian) can be functorially assigned. These constructions are powerful tools in studying the geometric structures of algebraic varieties. E.g., they were used to obtain one of the solutions of the Lüroth problem. Another application is the proof of the Riemann hypothesis for algebraic curves over a finite field — the problem for which the abstract theory of Abelian varieties was originally developed. It was also one of the sources of $l$-adic cohomology. The simplest example of such a cohomology is the Tate module of an Abelian variety. It is the projective limit, as $n\to\infty$, of the groups $X[l^n]$ of points of order $l^n$. The determination of the structure of such groups was one of the principal achievements of the theory of Weil. In fact, if $m$ is coprime with the characteristic $p$ of the field $k$ and if $k$ is algebraically closed, then the group $X[m]$ is isomorphic to $(\Z/mZ)^{2\dim X}$. If $m=p$, the situation is more complicated, which resulted in the appearance of concepts such as finite group schemes, formal groups and $p$-divisible groups (cf. Finite group scheme; Formal group; $p$-divisible group). The study of the action of endomorphisms of Abelian varieties, in particular of the Frobenius endomorphism on its Tate module, makes it possible to give a proof of the Riemann hypothesis (for algebraic curves over finite fields, cf. Riemann hypotheses) and is also the principal instrument in the theory of complex multiplication of Abelian varieties. Another circle of problems connected with the Tate module consists of a study of the action of the Galois group of the closure of the ground field on this module. There resulted the Tate conjectures and the theory of Tate–Honda, which describes Abelian varieties over finite fields in terms of the Tate module [Mu].

The study of Abelian varieties over local fields, including $p$-adic fields, is proceeding at a fast rate. An analogue of the above-mentioned representation of Abelian varieties as a quotient space $\C^n/\Gamma$, usually known as uniformization, over such fields, was constructed by D. Mumford and M. Raynaud. Unlike the complex case, not all Abelian varieties, but only those having a reduction to a multiplicative group modulo $p$, are uniformizable [Ma]. The theory of Abelian varieties over global (number and function) fields plays an important role in Diophantine geometry. Its principal result is the Mordell–Weil theorem: The group of rational points of an Abelian variety, defined over a finite extension of the field of rational numbers, is finitely generated.

For recent information on the Tate conjectures see [Fa]. For the theory of Tate–Honda see also [Ta]. Mumford's theory of uniformization is developed in [Mu2], [Mu3].

References

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[La]	S. Lang, "Abelian varieties", Springer (1983) MR0713430 Zbl 0516.14031
[Ma]	Yu.I. Manin, "p-Adic automorphic functions" J. Soviet Math., 5 : 3 (1976) pp. 279–333 Itogi Nauk. i Tekhn. Sovrem. Problemy, 3 (1974) pp. 5–93 Zbl 0375.14007 MR0422161
[Mu]	D. Mumford, "Abelian varieties", Oxford Univ. Press (1974) MR0282985 Zbl 0326.14012
[Mu2]	D. Mumford, "An analytic construction of degenerating curves over complete local rings" Compos. Math., 24 (1972) pp. 129–174 MR0352105 Zbl 0243.14010 Zbl 0228.14011
[Mu3]	D. Mumford, "An analytic construction of degenerating abelian varieties over complete rings" Compos. Math., 24 (1972) pp. 239–272 MR0352106 Zbl 0241.14020
[Se]	J.-P. Serre, "Groupes algébrique et corps des classes", Hermann (1959) MR0103191
[Si]	C.L. Siegel, "Automorphe Funktionen in mehrerer Variablen", Math. Inst. Göttingen (1955)
[Ta]	J.T. Tate, "Classes d'isogénie des variétés abéliennes sur un corps fini (d' après T. Honda)", Sem. Bourbaki Exp. 352, Lect. notes in math., 179, Springer (1971)
[We]	A. Weil, "Variétés abéliennes et courbes algébriques", Hermann (1971) MR0029522 Zbl 0208.49202
[We2]	A. Weil, "Courbes algébriques et variétés abéliennes. Sur les courbes algébriques et les varietés qui s'en deduisent", Hermann (1948) MR0029522
[We3]	A. Weil, "Introduction à l'étude des variétés kahlériennes", Hermann (1958) MR0111056 Zbl 0137.41103