# Regularization

The construction of approximate solutions of ill-posed problems that are stable with respect to small perturbations of the initial data (see also Regularization method).

The concept of "regularization" in mathematics is a quite general one, which extends far beyond regularization methods as are used to deal with ill-posed problems. It encompasses at least the following two intermingling ideas.

1) The systematic replacement of a mathematical object $A$ by a more regular one $A ^ { \mathop{\rm reg} }$, usually in such a way that $( A ^ { \mathop{\rm reg} } ) ^ { \mathop{\rm reg} } = A ^ { \mathop{\rm reg} }$.

2) The definition of a value of a function or other concept for objects where that value or concept is a priori undefined (or infinite, undetermined, $\dots$). This is often done by placing the object in a suitable family (a deformation) in such a way that the function value or concept is defined for all objects in the family near the original one, and then taking a suitable limit. Another technique consists in the removal of "systematic infinities" . The details of various regularization methods that are used depend very much on the particular context. Instead of the word "regularization" , one also finds such methods and techniques labelled by words and phrases like "normalization" , "renormalization" , "desingularization" , "resolution of singularities" , $\dots$.

Examples of regularizations in the sense of 1) or 2) above (or both) are: regularized sequences (cf. Regularization of sequences), regularized operators and regularized solutions (cf. Ill-posed problems; Regularization method; Integral equations, numerical methods; Fredholm equation, numerical methods), penalty function and other regularization techniques in optimization theory (cf. Mathematical programming; Penalty functions, method of), various renormalization schemes (cf. Renormalization), the normalization and desingularization of schemes and varieties (cf. Normal scheme; Resolution of singularities), the regularization of distributions (cf. Generalized function), the regularized trace of a Sturm–Liouville operator (cf. Sturm–Liouville problem), and the regularized characteristic determinant of a Hilbert–Schmidt operator.

Still another example is the zeta-function regularization used to define certain (quotients of) infinite determinants in functional integration and quantum field theory. This goes as follows. Let $A$ be a suitable operator, e.g. a Laplace or Laplace–Beltrami operator. Define its generalized zeta-function

$$\zeta _ {A} ( s) = \sum _ { n } \lambda _ {n} ^ {-} s ,$$

where $\lambda _ {n}$ runs over the spectrum of $A$( counting multiplicities). At least formally, $\zeta ^ \prime ( s) \mid _ {s=} 0 = - \sum _ {n} \mathop{\rm log} ( \lambda _ {n} )$, which provides the opportunity to try to define the zeta-function regularized determinant by

$$\mathop{\rm det} ( A) = \mathop{\rm exp} ( - \zeta ^ \prime ( s)) \mid _ {s=} 0 .$$

For more details (and other related schemes) cf. [a1], [a2].

Two somewhat different uses of the word "regularizing" in mathematics are as follows.

If $K$ is a bounded linear operator between normed spaces, then a bounded linear operator $R$ is called a "regularizer of a bounded linear operatorregularizer of K" if there are compact operators $A, B$ such that $RK = I- A$, $KR = I- B$. This concept is of importance in the context of singular integral operators, cf. e.g. [a3]. I.e. $R$ is an inverse of $K$ modulo compact operators.

A similar idea, but with deviating terminology, occurs in the theory of pseudo-differential operators. In that context a (pseudo-differential, integral) operator is called regularizing if it takes (extends to an operator that takes) distributions to smooth functions. Given a pseudo-differential operator $P$, an operator $R$ is called a right (left) parametrix of $P$ if $PR = I+ K$( $RP = I+ K ^ \prime$), where $K$( respectively, $K ^ \prime$) is regularizing; cf. [a4] for a variety of precise statements and results concerning parametrices.

#### References

 [a1] S.W. Hawking, "Zeta function regularization of path integrals" Comm. Math. Phys. , 55 (1977) pp. 133–148 MR0524257 Zbl 0407.58024 [a2] R.E. Gamboa Saravi, M.A. Muschietti, J.E. Solomin, "On the quotient of the regularized determinant of two elliptic operators" Comm. Math. Phys. , 110 (1987) pp. 641–654 MR895221 Zbl 0648.35086 [a3] R. Kress, "Linear integral equations" , Springer (1989) pp. Chapt. 5 MR1007594 Zbl 0671.45001 [a4] F. Trèves, "Pseudodifferential and Fourier integral operators" , 1–2 , Plenum (1980) MR0597145 MR0597144 Zbl 0453.47027
How to Cite This Entry:
Regularization. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Regularization&oldid=48489
This article was adapted from an original article by V.Ya. ArseninA.N. Tikhonov (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article