Whitney extension theorem

2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 26E10 [MSN][ZBL]$\def\a{\alpha} \def\b{\beta} \def\p{\partial}$

A deep theorem from the real analysis, showing which data are required to extent a real-valued function from a compact subset in $\R^n$ to its open neighborhood in a $C^m$-smooth or $C^\infty$-smooth way.

Jets and terminology

If $U$ is an open subset in $\R^n$ and $f:U\to\R$ is a smooth function, then one can define its partial derivatives to any order not exceeding the smoothness: in the multi-index notation the collection of all derivatives $$ f^{(\a)}=\p^\a f\in C^{m-|\a|}(U),\qquad 0\le |\a|\le m,\ f^{(0)}=f, $$ is called an $m$-jet of the function $f\in C^m(U)$.

The different derivatives are related by the obvious formulas $\p^\b f^{(\a)}=f^{(\a+\b)}$ as long as $|\a|+|\b|\le m$. This allows to compare them using the Taylor expansion. For each point $a\in U$ and each derivative $f^{(\a)}$ one can form the Taylor polynomial of order $r\le m-|\a|$ centered at $a$, $$ \Big(T_a^r f^{(\a)}\Big)(x)=\sum_{|\b|\le r}\frac1{\b!}\Big(\p^\b f^{(\alpha)}(a)\Big)\cdot(x-a)^{\b}= \sum_{|\b|\le r}\frac1{\b!}f^{(\a+\b)}(a)\cdot(x-a)^{\b}.\tag T $$ The difference between $f^{(\a)}(x)$ and the value provided by the Taylor polynomial $\Big(T_a^r f^{(\a)}\Big)(x)$ should be small together with $|x-a|$: $$ \Big|f^{(\a)}(x)-\Big(T_a^r f^{(\a)}\Big)(x)\Big|=o\Big(|x-a|^{r}\Big). $$ These asymptotic conditions are necessary for the functions $f^{(\a)}$ to be partial derivatives of a smooth function.

Whitney data

Let $K\Subset \R^n$ be a compact subset of $\R^n$. The Whitney data (or "smooth function in the sense of Whitney") is the collection of continuous functions $$ \{f^\a:K\to\R,\ |\a|\le m\}, $$ which satisfies the compatibility condition that were established above for the partial derivatives: for each multiindex $\a$ the differences $$ R_m^\a(a,x)=f^\a(x)-\sum_{|\b|\le m-|\a|}\frac1{\b!}f^{\a+\b}(a)\cdot(x-a)^\b,\qquad x,a\in K, \tag I $$ should be small as specified, $$ |R^\a_m(a,x)|=o\Big(|x-a|^{m-|\a|}\Big),\qquad x,a\in K,\ |x-a|\to0. $$

Theorem (H. Whitney, 1934, [W]).

Any Whitney data collection on $K\Subset U$ can be extended as a $C^m$-smooth function on $\R^n$. The infinite collection of Whitney data (defined for all $m$) extends as a $C^\infty$-smooth function on $\R^n$. In both cases this means that there exists a smooth function $f:\R^n\to\R$ such that for any multiindex $\a$ the restriction of $f^{(\a)}=\p^\a f$ coincides with the specified $f^\a$ after restriction on $K$.

The proof of this result can be found in [M, Ch. 1], see also [N, Sect. 1.5].

Borel theorem

A particular case of the Whitney extension theorem corresponds to $K=\{0\}\Subset\R^n$ being a single point at the origin. In this case the Whitney data reduces to the (finite or infinite) collection of real numbers $c_\a$. The "integrability conditions" for this special case are void, thus any formal power series $\sum_{\a}c_\a x^\a$ is the Taylor series of some $C^\infty$-smooth function (clearly, the case of finite $m$ is trivial for such compact). This statement is known as the Borel theorem, [N, Sect. 1.5].

Quantitative versions

The Whitney theorem is qualitative, but its quantitative reformulation is of interest for applications. More specifically, given all (or just a part) of Whitney data, one can look for the smooth extension with effective estimate of the $C^m$-norm. In such quantitative setting the problem is interesting and highly nontrivial even for the problem of extension of functions from finite point set.

The phenomenon can be roughly described as follows: given a finite subset $K\Subset\R^n$ and a function $f^0:K\to\R$ (finite collection of values), one looks for a $C^m$-smooth function $f:\R^n\to\R$ with the explicitly controlled $C^m$-norm, which would interpolate $f^0$, i.e., $f|_K=f^0$. It turns out that there always exists a finite number $N=N(n,m)$, depending only on $n,m$, such that the the norm of the extension $\|f\|_{C^m}$ is sufficient to verify only for extensions from all $N$-point subsets of $K$. For instance, $N(2,2)=6$, and all obstructions to "economic" $C^m$-smooth extension of $f^0$ appear already for 6-point subsets. See [BS], [F] and references therein for further information.

References

[W]	H. Whitney, Analytic extensions of differentiable functions defined in closed sets, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 36 (1934) pp. 63–89 MR1501735 Zbl 0008.24902 Zbl 60.0217.01
[M]	B. Malgrange, Ideals of differentiable functions, Oxford Univ. Press (1966), MR2065138 MR0212575 Zbl 0177.17902
[N]	Narasimhan, R. Analysis on real and complex manifolds, North-Holland Mathematical Library, 35. North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1985. MR0832683
[BS]	Brudnyi, Y. Shvartsman, P. Whitney's extension problem for multivariate $C^{1,\omega}$-functions. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 353 (2001), no. 6, 2487–2512, MR1814079
[F]	Fefferman, C. A sharp form of Whitney's extension theorem, Ann. of Math. (2) 161 (2005), no. 1, 509–577. MR2150391