# Mahler method

In 1929, K. Mahler [a1] started the study of transcendence properties of the values of analytic functions $f$ satisfying certain functional equations. A simple example is $P ( z , f ( z ) , f ( z ^ { d } ) ) = 0$, where $P$ is a polynomial with algebraic coefficients and $d \geq 2$ an integer. For instance, the function , which is analytic in the unit disc of $\mathbf{C}$ (cf. also Analytic function), satisfies $f ( z ^ { d } ) = f ( z ) - z$, and Mahler proved that $f ( \alpha )$ is transcendental (cf. also Transcendental number) whenever $\alpha$ is an algebraic number satisfying $0 < | \alpha | < 1$.

The functional equation is used to derive many points from the starting one (in the previous example the points are $\{ \alpha , \alpha ^ { d } , \ldots , \alpha ^ { d ^ { n } } , \ldots \}$), and this iteration yields points close to the origin.

Mahler's proof involves the construction of an auxiliary polynomial. This construction is different from Hermite's one, since the polynomial is not explicit, and also different from Siegel's, Gel'fond's or Schneider's ones (cf. also Gel'fond–Schneider method; Schneider method), since it rests on an argument of linear algebra rather than on the Thue–Siegel lemma (cf. also Dirichlet principle): No bound for the height of the coefficients is required.

Mahler also worked with functions of several variables [a1], [a2], introducing transformations $\mathbf{C} ^ { n } \rightarrow \mathbf{C} ^ { n }$ given by $n$ monomials. By this method he even obtained results of algebraic independence [a3].

The topic was somehow forgotten until 1969 [a4]. Thanks to the work of several mathematicians, including J.H. Loxton, A.J. van der Poorten, K.K. Kubota, K. Nishioka, P.G. Becker, M. Amou, and T. Töpfer (see [a5]), general results are now available for the transcendence and algebraic independence of values of such functions, in one or several variables. This method turns out to be one of the most efficient ones for proving strong results of algebraic independence. Here is an example.

Let $n$, $d$ be positive integers with $d \geq 2$ and $\alpha$ an algebraic number with $0 < | \alpha | < 1$. For $1 \leq i \leq n$, let $\underline { \beta } ^ { ( i ) } = ( \beta _ { 0 } ^ { ( i ) } , \beta _ { 1 } ^ { ( i ) } , \ldots )$ be a sequence of algebraic numbers satisfying a linear recurrence relation. Assume $\underline { \beta } ^ { ( 1 ) } , \ldots , \underline { \beta } ^ { ( n ) }$ are linearly independent. Then the $n$ numbers

\begin{equation*} \sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { \infty } \beta _ { k } ^ { ( i ) } \alpha ^ { d ^ { k } } ( 1 \leq i \leq n ) \end{equation*}

are algebraically independent.

Also, sharp estimates of Diophantine approximations (transcendence measures as well as measures of algebraic independence) have been obtained. A far-reaching extension of Mahler's vanishing theorem was given by D.W. Masser in 1982.

Mahler's early paper [a1] contains the transcendence of the Thue–Morse number, whose binary expansion $0.0110100\dots$ is given by the fixed point starting with $0$ of the substitution $0 \mapsto 01$ and $1 \mapsto 10$ (the related functional equation is $f ( z ) = ( 1 - z ) f ( z ^ { 2 } )$). More generally, Mahler's method has interesting deep connections with automata theory (cf. also Formal languages and automata). It is conjectured that a number whose expansion in an integral basis is given by an automaton is either rational or else transcendental.

One of Mahler's goals (see [a4]) was to derive from his method the transcendence of $J ( \alpha )$ for algebraic $\alpha$ with $0 < | \alpha | < 1$. Here, $J$ is the modular function, which satisfies indeed functional equations, namely the modular equations relating $J ( q )$ and $J ( q ^ { n } )$ for any $n \geq 1$. This conjecture was proved only in 1995 (see Gel'fond–Schneider method).

#### References

 [a1] K. Mahler, "Arithmetische Eigenschaften der Lösungen einer Klasse von Funktionalgleichung" Math. Ann. , 101 (1929) pp. 342–366 (Corrigendum: 103 (1930), 532) [a2] K. Mahler, "Über das Verschwinden von Potenzreihen mehrerer Veränderlichen in speziellen Punktfolgen" Math. Ann. , 103 (1930) pp. 573–587 [a3] K. Mahler, "Arithmetische Eigenschaften einer Klasse transzendental-transzendenter Funktionen" Math. Z. , 32 (1930) pp. 545–585 [a4] K. Mahler, "Remarks on a paper by W. Schwarz" J. Number Theory , 1 (1969) pp. 512–521 [a5] K. Nishioka, "Mahler functions and transcendence" , Lecture Notes in Mathematics , 1631 , Springer (1996)
How to Cite This Entry:
Mahler method. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Mahler_method&oldid=50704
This article was adapted from an original article by Michel Waldschmidt (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article