# Heinz-Kato inequality

In the sequel, a capital letter denotes a bounded linear operator on a Hilbert space $H$. An operator $T$ is said to be positive (denoted by $T \geq 0$) if $( {Tx } , x ) \geq 0$ for all $x \in H$.

The Heinz–Kato inequality is an extension of the generalized Cauchy–Schwarz inequality (cf. also Cauchy inequality). It follows from the fact that

$$\left ( \begin{array}{cc} \left ( {\left | T \right | ^ {2 \alpha } x } , x \right ) &\left ( {Tx } , y \right ) \\ \left ( y , {Tx } \right ) &\left ( {\left | {T ^ {*} } \right | ^ {2 ( 1 - \alpha ) } y } , y \right ) \\ \end{array} \right ) =$$

$$= \left ( \begin{array}{cc} \left ( {\left | T \right | ^ \alpha x } , {\left | T \right | ^ \alpha x } \right ) &\left ( {\left | T \right | ^ \alpha x } , {\left | T \right | ^ {1 - \alpha } U ^ {*} y } \right ) \\ \left ( {\left | T \right | ^ {1 - \alpha } U ^ {*} y } , {\left | T \right | ^ \alpha x } \right ) &\left ( {\left | T \right | ^ {1 - \alpha } U ^ {*} y } , {\left | T \right | ^ {1 - \alpha } U ^ {*} y } \right ) \\ \end{array} \right )$$

is non-negative, where $T = U | T |$ is the polar decomposition of $T$.

The Heinz–Kato inequality (1952; cf. [a4], [a3]): If $A$ and $B$ are positive operators such that $\| {Tx } \| \leq \| {Ax } \|$ and $\| {T ^ {*} y } \| \leq \| {By } \|$ for all $x, y \in H$, then the following inequality holds for all $x,y \in H$:

$$\tag{a1 } \left | {\left ( {Tx } , y \right ) } \right | \leq \left \| {A ^ \alpha x } \right \| \left \| {B ^ {1 - \alpha } y } \right \|$$

for all $\alpha \in [ 0,1 ]$.

It is proved in [a1] that the Heinz–Kato inequality is equivalent to:

$$\tag{a2 } \left \| {A ^ {2} Q } \right \| \geq \left \| {AQA } \right \|$$

for arbitrary positive operators $A$ and $Q$.

The Heinz inequality yields the Heinz–Kato inequality.

On the other hand, it is shown in [a2] that the Löwner–Heinz inequality is equivalent to the following Cordes inequality (a3), although the first is an operator inequality and the latter is a norm inequality:

$$\tag{a3 } \left \| {A ^ {s} B ^ {s} } \right \| \leq \left \| {AB } \right \| ^ {s}$$

for $A,B \geq 0$ and $0 \leq s \leq 1$.

It is well known that the Heinz–Kato inequality (a1) is equivalent to the Löwner–Heinz inequality, so that the Heinz–Kato inequality, the Löwner–Heinz inequality and the Cordes inequality are mutually equivalent.

Additional references can be found in Heinz inequality.

#### References

 [a1] M. Fujii, T. Furuta, "Löwner–Heinz, Cordes and Heinz–Kato inequalities" Math. Japon. , 38 (1993) pp. 73–78 [a2] T. Furuta, "Norm inequalities equivalent to Löwner–Heinz theorem" Rev. Math. Phys. , 1 (1989) pp. 135–137 [a3] T. Kato, "Notes on some inequalities for linear operators" Math. Ann. , 125 (1952) pp. 208–212 [a4] E. Heinz, "Beiträge zur Störungstheorie der Spektralzerlegung" Math. Ann. , 123 (1951) pp. 415–438
How to Cite This Entry:
Heinz-Kato inequality. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Heinz-Kato_inequality&oldid=47204
This article was adapted from an original article by M. Fujii (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article