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A smooth projective [[Algebraic surface|algebraic surface]] <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k0550402.png" /> for which the [[Canonical class|canonical class]] is trivial and for which the dimension, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k0550403.png" />, of the space of one-dimensional differential forms on <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k0550404.png" /> is 0. The values of the following invariants for a <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k0550405.png" />-surface are known: the [[Geometric genus|geometric genus]], <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k0550406.png" />, the [[Euler characteristic|Euler characteristic]] of the structure sheaf, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k0550407.png" />, the étale or (over the field of complex numbers) the topological Betti numbers (cf. [[Betti number|Betti number]]) <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k0550408.png" />, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k0550409.png" /> and <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504010.png" />, and the Euler–Poincaré characteristic, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504011.png" />. The Riemann–Roch formula for a one-dimensional invertible sheaf <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504013.png" /> on a <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504014.png" />-surface takes the form
+
A smooth projective [[Algebraic surface|algebraic surface]] $  X $
 +
for which the [[Canonical class|canonical class]] is trivial and for which the dimension, $  \mathop{\rm dim}  H  ^ {1} ( X, \Omega  ^ {1} ) $,  
 +
of the space of one-dimensional differential forms on $  X $
 +
is 0. The values of the following invariants for a $  K3 $-
 +
surface are known: the [[Geometric genus|geometric genus]], $  p _ {g} = \mathop{\rm dim}  H  ^ {2} ( X, \Omega  ^ {2} ) = 1 $,  
 +
the [[Euler characteristic|Euler characteristic]] of the structure sheaf, $  \chi ( {\mathcal O} ) = 2 $,  
 +
the étale or (over the field of complex numbers) the topological Betti numbers (cf. [[Betti number|Betti number]]) $  b _ {0} = b _ {4} = 1 $,  
 +
$  b _ {1} = b _ {3} = 0 $
 +
and $  b _ {2} = 22 $,  
 +
and the Euler–Poincaré characteristic, $  e( X)= 24 $.  
 +
The Riemann–Roch formula for a one-dimensional invertible sheaf $  D $
 +
on a $  K3 $-
 +
surface takes the form
  
<table class="eq" style="width:100%;"> <tr><td valign="top" style="width:94%;text-align:center;"><img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504015.png" /></td> </tr></table>
+
$$
 +
\mathop{\rm dim}  H  ^ {0} ( X, D) +  \mathop{\rm dim}  H  ^ {0} ( X, D  ^ {-} 1 )  =
 +
\frac{( D)
 +
^ {2} }{2}
 +
+ 2 +  \mathop{\rm dim}  H  ^ {1} ( X, D),
 +
$$
  
where <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504016.png" /> is the index of self-intersection for the class of divisors corresponding to <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504017.png" /> (see [[Riemann–Roch theorem|Riemann–Roch theorem]]). If <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504018.png" /> corresponds to an effective irreducible [[Divisor|divisor]], then <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504019.png" />.
+
where $  ( D)  ^ {2} $
 +
is the index of self-intersection for the class of divisors corresponding to $  D $(
 +
see [[Riemann–Roch theorem|Riemann–Roch theorem]]). If $  D $
 +
corresponds to an effective irreducible [[Divisor|divisor]], then $  H  ^ {1} ( X, D) = 0 $.
  
The formula for the [[Arithmetic genus|arithmetic genus]] of an irreducible curve <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504020.png" /> on <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504021.png" /> also has a simple form:
+
The formula for the [[Arithmetic genus|arithmetic genus]] of an irreducible curve $  C $
 +
on $  X $
 +
also has a simple form:
  
<table class="eq" style="width:100%;"> <tr><td valign="top" style="width:94%;text-align:center;"><img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504022.png" /></td> </tr></table>
+
$$
 +
p _ {a} ( C)  =
 +
\frac{( C)  ^ {2} }{2}
 +
+ 1 .
 +
$$
  
As a result one obtains <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504023.png" />, with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504024.png" /> only for smooth rational curves. It also follows that <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504025.png" /> is an even number for any divisor <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504026.png" />. Let <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504027.png" /> be the Néron–Severi group of the surface <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504028.png" />, i.e. the group of divisor classes on <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504029.png" /> with respect to algebraic equivalence. Then <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504030.png" /> is a free Abelian group of rank <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504031.png" />, where <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504032.png" /> if the characteristic of the ground field <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504033.png" /> is 0, and <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504034.png" /> or <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504035.png" /> if <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504036.png" />. The intersection index defines an integer-valued bilinear form on <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504037.png" /> for which the square of any element is even. Surfaces with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504038.png" /> (for <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504039.png" />) are called singular, while those with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504040.png" /> (for <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504041.png" />) are called supersingular.
+
As a result one obtains $  ( C)  ^ {2} \geq  - 2 $,  
 +
with $  ( C)  ^ {2} = - 2 $
 +
only for smooth rational curves. It also follows that $  ( D)  ^ {2} $
 +
is an even number for any divisor $  D $.  
 +
Let $  N( X) $
 +
be the Néron–Severi group of the surface $  X $,  
 +
i.e. the group of divisor classes on $  X $
 +
with respect to algebraic equivalence. Then $  N( X) $
 +
is a free Abelian group of rank $  \rho $,  
 +
where $  1 \leq  \rho \leq  20 $
 +
if the characteristic of the ground field k $
 +
is 0, and $  1 \leq  \rho \leq  20 $
 +
or $  \rho = 22 $
 +
if  $  \mathop{\rm char}  k > 0 $.  
 +
The intersection index defines an integer-valued bilinear form on $  N( X) $
 +
for which the square of any element is even. Surfaces with $  \rho = 20 $(
 +
for $  \mathop{\rm char}  k = 0 $)  
 +
are called singular, while those with $  \rho = 22 $(
 +
for $  \mathop{\rm char}  k > 0 $)  
 +
are called supersingular.
  
Another numerical invariant for a surface <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504042.png" /> is the minimal possible index <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504043.png" /> of self-intersection of an effective [[very ample divisor]] on <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504044.png" />, i.e. the minimum possible degree of a polarization on <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504045.png" />. If <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504046.png" />, the surface <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504047.png" /> can be imbedded in <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504048.png" />-dimensional projective space and cannot be imbedded in a projective space of lower dimension.
+
Another numerical invariant for a surface $  X $
 +
is the minimal possible index $  \pi $
 +
of self-intersection of an effective [[very ample divisor]] on $  X $,  
 +
i.e. the minimum possible degree of a polarization on $  X $.  
 +
If $  \pi = 2n- 2 $,  
 +
the surface $  X $
 +
can be imbedded in $  n $-
 +
dimensional projective space and cannot be imbedded in a projective space of lower dimension.
  
An important tool in studying <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504049.png" />-surfaces is to represent them as families (pencils) of elliptic curves. A surface <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504051.png" /> is represented as a family of elliptic curves if one is given a regular mapping <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504052.png" /> all fibres of which, apart from a finite number, are non-singular elliptic curves. A surface <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504053.png" /> can be represented in that form if and only if the group <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504054.png" /> contains a non-zero element with self-intersection index 0, where all such representations correspond to the classes of effective divisors with self-intersection index 0. If a surface represented as a family of elliptic curves is a <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504055.png" />-surface, it does not have multiple fibres. The Jacobi elliptic family constructed from such a family is again a <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504056.png" />-surface.
+
An important tool in studying $  K3 $-
 +
surfaces is to represent them as families (pencils) of elliptic curves. A surface $  X $
 +
is represented as a family of elliptic curves if one is given a regular mapping $  \tau : X \rightarrow P  ^ {1} $
 +
all fibres of which, apart from a finite number, are non-singular elliptic curves. A surface $  X $
 +
can be represented in that form if and only if the group $  N( X) $
 +
contains a non-zero element with self-intersection index 0, where all such representations correspond to the classes of effective divisors with self-intersection index 0. If a surface represented as a family of elliptic curves is a $  K3 $-
 +
surface, it does not have multiple fibres. The Jacobi elliptic family constructed from such a family is again a $  K3 $-
 +
surface.
  
An important class of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504057.png" />-surfaces is provided by the Kummer surfaces. A [[Kummer surface|Kummer surface]] is a non-singular model for the quotient of a two-dimensional Abelian variety <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504058.png" /> with respect to the automorphism subgroup generated by the sign-change mapping. In particular, the surface given by the equation <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504059.png" /> in <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504060.png" /> is a Kummer surface. Any smooth surface of order four in <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504061.png" /> is a <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504062.png" />-surface. A smooth surface obtained as the intersection of three hypersurfaces of order two (quadrics) in <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504063.png" /> and a double covering of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504064.png" /> ramified in a smooth curve of order six are <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504065.png" />-surfaces.
+
An important class of $  K3 $-
 +
surfaces is provided by the Kummer surfaces. A [[Kummer surface|Kummer surface]] is a non-singular model for the quotient of a two-dimensional Abelian variety $  A $
 +
with respect to the automorphism subgroup generated by the sign-change mapping. In particular, the surface given by the equation $  x _ {0}  ^ {4} + x _ {1}  ^ {4} + x _ {2}  ^ {4} + x _ {3}  ^ {4} = 0 $
 +
in $  P  ^ {3} $
 +
is a Kummer surface. Any smooth surface of order four in $  P  ^ {3} $
 +
is a $  K3 $-
 +
surface. A smooth surface obtained as the intersection of three hypersurfaces of order two (quadrics) in $  P  ^ {5} $
 +
and a double covering of $  P  ^ {2} $
 +
ramified in a smooth curve of order six are $  K  ^ {3} $-
 +
surfaces.
  
All <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504066.png" />-surfaces over the field of complex numbers are diffeomorphic; their moduli variety is connected and has dimension 19. One examines the structure of this variety and of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504067.png" />-surface automorphisms by means of the [[Period mapping|period mapping]]. The period mapping for a <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504068.png" />-surface over the field of complex numbers is bijective (a theorem of Torelli type) [[#References|[2]]].
+
All $  K3 $-
 +
surfaces over the field of complex numbers are diffeomorphic; their moduli variety is connected and has dimension 19. One examines the structure of this variety and of $  K3 $-
 +
surface automorphisms by means of the [[Period mapping|period mapping]]. The period mapping for a $  K3 $-
 +
surface over the field of complex numbers is bijective (a theorem of Torelli type) [[#References|[2]]].
  
If one is given a one-dimensional family of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504069.png" />-surfaces (over <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504070.png" />) with one singular fibre, then the surface can be rearranged after covering the base, without alterations outside the singular fibre, so that that fibre either becomes non-singular or else is one of two types: a) the components of the singular fibre and the intersection curves are rational, and the dual polyhedron for the singular fibre has the topological type of a two-dimensional sphere; or b) the components of the singular fibre constitute a chain, and non-empty intersections occur only for adjacent surfaces, while the two extreme surfaces are rational surfaces, the middle ones are elliptic ruled surfaces and the intersection curves are elliptic. Types a) or b) arise when the monodromy of the family is non-trivial [[#References|[2]]].
+
If one is given a one-dimensional family of $  K3 $-
 +
surfaces (over $  \mathbf C $)  
 +
with one singular fibre, then the surface can be rearranged after covering the base, without alterations outside the singular fibre, so that that fibre either becomes non-singular or else is one of two types: a) the components of the singular fibre and the intersection curves are rational, and the dual polyhedron for the singular fibre has the topological type of a two-dimensional sphere; or b) the components of the singular fibre constitute a chain, and non-empty intersections occur only for adjacent surfaces, while the two extreme surfaces are rational surfaces, the middle ones are elliptic ruled surfaces and the intersection curves are elliptic. Types a) or b) arise when the monodromy of the family is non-trivial [[#References|[2]]].
  
<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504071.png" />-surfaces over an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic allow of a lifting into characteristic zero, their crystalline cohomology spaces do not have torsion, and their ranks coincide with the corresponding Betti numbers. For supersingular surfaces, an analogue of the period mapping has been constructed and a theorem of Torelli type has been proved. In this case the period variety is irreducible, complete, has dimension 9, and is unirational. All possible intersection forms on <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504072.png" /> have been described for supersingular surfaces, and there are nine of them for each value of the characteristic of the ground field [[#References|[4]]].
+
$  K3 $-
 +
surfaces over an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic allow of a lifting into characteristic zero, their crystalline cohomology spaces do not have torsion, and their ranks coincide with the corresponding Betti numbers. For supersingular surfaces, an analogue of the period mapping has been constructed and a theorem of Torelli type has been proved. In this case the period variety is irreducible, complete, has dimension 9, and is unirational. All possible intersection forms on $  N( X) $
 +
have been described for supersingular surfaces, and there are nine of them for each value of the characteristic of the ground field [[#References|[4]]].
  
 
====References====
 
====References====
 
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> I.R. Shafarevich, "Algebraic surfaces" ''Proc. Steklov Inst. Math.'' , '''75''' (1967) ''Trudy Mat. Inst. Steklov.'' , '''75''' (1965) {{MR|1392959}} {{MR|1060325}} {{ZBL|0830.00008}} {{ZBL|0733.14015}} {{ZBL|0832.14026}} {{ZBL|0509.14036}} {{ZBL|0492.14024}} {{ZBL|0379.14006}} {{ZBL|0253.14006}} {{ZBL|0154.21001}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> V.S. Kulikov, "Degenerations of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504073.png" />-surfaces and Enriques surfaces" ''Math. USSR Izv.'' , '''11''' (1977) pp. 957–989 ''Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat.'' , '''41''' : 5 (1977) pp. 1008–1042</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A.N. Rudakov, I.R. Shafarevich, "On the degeneration of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504074.png" /> surfaces over fields of finite characteristic" ''Math. USSR Izv.'' , '''18''' (1982) pp. 561–574 ''Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat.'' , '''45''' : 3 (1981) pp. 646–661 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0489.14015}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A.N. Rudakov, I.R. Shafarevich, "Surfaces of type <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504075.png" /> over fields of finite characteristic" ''J. Soviet Math.'' , '''22''' : 4 (1983) pp. 1476–1533 ''Itogi Nauk. i Tekhn. Sovrem. Probl. Mat.'' , '''18''' (1981) {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0518.14015}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[5]</TD> <TD valign="top"> D. Husemoller, "Classification and embeddings of surfaces" R. Hartshorne (ed.) , ''Algebraic geometry (Arcata, 1974)'' , ''Proc. Symp. Pure Math.'' , '''29''' , Amer. Math. Soc. (1975) pp. 329–420 {{MR|0506292}} {{ZBL|0326.14009}} </TD></TR></table>
 
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> I.R. Shafarevich, "Algebraic surfaces" ''Proc. Steklov Inst. Math.'' , '''75''' (1967) ''Trudy Mat. Inst. Steklov.'' , '''75''' (1965) {{MR|1392959}} {{MR|1060325}} {{ZBL|0830.00008}} {{ZBL|0733.14015}} {{ZBL|0832.14026}} {{ZBL|0509.14036}} {{ZBL|0492.14024}} {{ZBL|0379.14006}} {{ZBL|0253.14006}} {{ZBL|0154.21001}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> V.S. Kulikov, "Degenerations of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504073.png" />-surfaces and Enriques surfaces" ''Math. USSR Izv.'' , '''11''' (1977) pp. 957–989 ''Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat.'' , '''41''' : 5 (1977) pp. 1008–1042</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A.N. Rudakov, I.R. Shafarevich, "On the degeneration of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504074.png" /> surfaces over fields of finite characteristic" ''Math. USSR Izv.'' , '''18''' (1982) pp. 561–574 ''Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat.'' , '''45''' : 3 (1981) pp. 646–661 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0489.14015}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A.N. Rudakov, I.R. Shafarevich, "Surfaces of type <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504075.png" /> over fields of finite characteristic" ''J. Soviet Math.'' , '''22''' : 4 (1983) pp. 1476–1533 ''Itogi Nauk. i Tekhn. Sovrem. Probl. Mat.'' , '''18''' (1981) {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0518.14015}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[5]</TD> <TD valign="top"> D. Husemoller, "Classification and embeddings of surfaces" R. Hartshorne (ed.) , ''Algebraic geometry (Arcata, 1974)'' , ''Proc. Symp. Pure Math.'' , '''29''' , Amer. Math. Soc. (1975) pp. 329–420 {{MR|0506292}} {{ZBL|0326.14009}} </TD></TR></table>
 
 
  
 
====Comments====
 
====Comments====
Proofs of some of the results mentioned about <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504076.png" />-surfaces over fields of positive characteristic can be found in [[#References|[a3]]] and [[#References|[a5]]]. The notion of a <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504077.png" />-surface applies also to (not necessarily algebraic) complex surfaces. Each such a surface has a structure of a Kählerian variety (cf. [[Kähler manifold|Kähler manifold]]) [[#References|[a4]]]. There is an analogue of Torelli's theorem (cf. [[Torelli theorems|Torelli theorems]]) for complex <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504078.png" />-surfaces [[#References|[a1]]].
+
Proofs of some of the results mentioned about $  K 3 $-
 +
surfaces over fields of positive characteristic can be found in [[#References|[a3]]] and [[#References|[a5]]]. The notion of a $  K 3 $-
 +
surface applies also to (not necessarily algebraic) complex surfaces. Each such a surface has a structure of a Kählerian variety (cf. [[Kähler manifold|Kähler manifold]]) [[#References|[a4]]]. There is an analogue of Torelli's theorem (cf. [[Torelli theorems|Torelli theorems]]) for complex $  K 3 $-
 +
surfaces [[#References|[a1]]].
  
 
====References====
 
====References====
 
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> D. Burns, M. Rappoport, "On the Torelli theorem for Kählerian <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504079.png" /> surfaces" ''Ann. Sci. Ec. Norm. Sup.'' , '''8''' (1975) pp. 235–274</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A., et al. (ed.) Beauville, "Géométrie des surfaces <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504080.png" />: modules et périodes. Sem. Palaiseau" ''Astérisque'' , '''126''' (1985)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A. Ogus, "Periods of integrals in characteristic <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504081.png" />" , ''Internat. Congress Mathematicians (Warszawa, 1982)'' , PWN &amp; North-Holland (1983) pp. 753–762 {{MR|0804731}} {{ZBL|0585.14015}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> Y. Siu, "Every <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504082.png" /> surface is Kähler" ''Invent. Math.'' , '''73''' (1983) pp. 139–150 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0557.32004}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a5]</TD> <TD valign="top"> J. Giraud (ed.) et al. (ed.) , ''Surfaces algébrique'' , ''Lect. notes in math.'' , '''868''' , Springer (1981) {{MR|0638596}} {{ZBL|0452.00012}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a6]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A. Beauville, "Surfaces algébriques complexes" ''Astérisque'' , '''54''' (1978) {{MR|0485887}} {{ZBL|0394.14014}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a7]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A. van de Ven, "Compact complex surfaces" , Springer (1984) {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0718.14023}} </TD></TR></table>
 
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> D. Burns, M. Rappoport, "On the Torelli theorem for Kählerian <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504079.png" /> surfaces" ''Ann. Sci. Ec. Norm. Sup.'' , '''8''' (1975) pp. 235–274</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A., et al. (ed.) Beauville, "Géométrie des surfaces <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504080.png" />: modules et périodes. Sem. Palaiseau" ''Astérisque'' , '''126''' (1985)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A. Ogus, "Periods of integrals in characteristic <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504081.png" />" , ''Internat. Congress Mathematicians (Warszawa, 1982)'' , PWN &amp; North-Holland (1983) pp. 753–762 {{MR|0804731}} {{ZBL|0585.14015}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> Y. Siu, "Every <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/k/k055/k055040/k05504082.png" /> surface is Kähler" ''Invent. Math.'' , '''73''' (1983) pp. 139–150 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0557.32004}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a5]</TD> <TD valign="top"> J. Giraud (ed.) et al. (ed.) , ''Surfaces algébrique'' , ''Lect. notes in math.'' , '''868''' , Springer (1981) {{MR|0638596}} {{ZBL|0452.00012}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a6]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A. Beauville, "Surfaces algébriques complexes" ''Astérisque'' , '''54''' (1978) {{MR|0485887}} {{ZBL|0394.14014}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a7]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A. van de Ven, "Compact complex surfaces" , Springer (1984) {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0718.14023}} </TD></TR></table>

Revision as of 22:14, 5 June 2020


2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 14J28 [MSN][ZBL]

A smooth projective algebraic surface $ X $ for which the canonical class is trivial and for which the dimension, $ \mathop{\rm dim} H ^ {1} ( X, \Omega ^ {1} ) $, of the space of one-dimensional differential forms on $ X $ is 0. The values of the following invariants for a $ K3 $- surface are known: the geometric genus, $ p _ {g} = \mathop{\rm dim} H ^ {2} ( X, \Omega ^ {2} ) = 1 $, the Euler characteristic of the structure sheaf, $ \chi ( {\mathcal O} ) = 2 $, the étale or (over the field of complex numbers) the topological Betti numbers (cf. Betti number) $ b _ {0} = b _ {4} = 1 $, $ b _ {1} = b _ {3} = 0 $ and $ b _ {2} = 22 $, and the Euler–Poincaré characteristic, $ e( X)= 24 $. The Riemann–Roch formula for a one-dimensional invertible sheaf $ D $ on a $ K3 $- surface takes the form

$$ \mathop{\rm dim} H ^ {0} ( X, D) + \mathop{\rm dim} H ^ {0} ( X, D ^ {-} 1 ) = \frac{( D) ^ {2} }{2} + 2 + \mathop{\rm dim} H ^ {1} ( X, D), $$

where $ ( D) ^ {2} $ is the index of self-intersection for the class of divisors corresponding to $ D $( see Riemann–Roch theorem). If $ D $ corresponds to an effective irreducible divisor, then $ H ^ {1} ( X, D) = 0 $.

The formula for the arithmetic genus of an irreducible curve $ C $ on $ X $ also has a simple form:

$$ p _ {a} ( C) = \frac{( C) ^ {2} }{2} + 1 . $$

As a result one obtains $ ( C) ^ {2} \geq - 2 $, with $ ( C) ^ {2} = - 2 $ only for smooth rational curves. It also follows that $ ( D) ^ {2} $ is an even number for any divisor $ D $. Let $ N( X) $ be the Néron–Severi group of the surface $ X $, i.e. the group of divisor classes on $ X $ with respect to algebraic equivalence. Then $ N( X) $ is a free Abelian group of rank $ \rho $, where $ 1 \leq \rho \leq 20 $ if the characteristic of the ground field $ k $ is 0, and $ 1 \leq \rho \leq 20 $ or $ \rho = 22 $ if $ \mathop{\rm char} k > 0 $. The intersection index defines an integer-valued bilinear form on $ N( X) $ for which the square of any element is even. Surfaces with $ \rho = 20 $( for $ \mathop{\rm char} k = 0 $) are called singular, while those with $ \rho = 22 $( for $ \mathop{\rm char} k > 0 $) are called supersingular.

Another numerical invariant for a surface $ X $ is the minimal possible index $ \pi $ of self-intersection of an effective very ample divisor on $ X $, i.e. the minimum possible degree of a polarization on $ X $. If $ \pi = 2n- 2 $, the surface $ X $ can be imbedded in $ n $- dimensional projective space and cannot be imbedded in a projective space of lower dimension.

An important tool in studying $ K3 $- surfaces is to represent them as families (pencils) of elliptic curves. A surface $ X $ is represented as a family of elliptic curves if one is given a regular mapping $ \tau : X \rightarrow P ^ {1} $ all fibres of which, apart from a finite number, are non-singular elliptic curves. A surface $ X $ can be represented in that form if and only if the group $ N( X) $ contains a non-zero element with self-intersection index 0, where all such representations correspond to the classes of effective divisors with self-intersection index 0. If a surface represented as a family of elliptic curves is a $ K3 $- surface, it does not have multiple fibres. The Jacobi elliptic family constructed from such a family is again a $ K3 $- surface.

An important class of $ K3 $- surfaces is provided by the Kummer surfaces. A Kummer surface is a non-singular model for the quotient of a two-dimensional Abelian variety $ A $ with respect to the automorphism subgroup generated by the sign-change mapping. In particular, the surface given by the equation $ x _ {0} ^ {4} + x _ {1} ^ {4} + x _ {2} ^ {4} + x _ {3} ^ {4} = 0 $ in $ P ^ {3} $ is a Kummer surface. Any smooth surface of order four in $ P ^ {3} $ is a $ K3 $- surface. A smooth surface obtained as the intersection of three hypersurfaces of order two (quadrics) in $ P ^ {5} $ and a double covering of $ P ^ {2} $ ramified in a smooth curve of order six are $ K ^ {3} $- surfaces.

All $ K3 $- surfaces over the field of complex numbers are diffeomorphic; their moduli variety is connected and has dimension 19. One examines the structure of this variety and of $ K3 $- surface automorphisms by means of the period mapping. The period mapping for a $ K3 $- surface over the field of complex numbers is bijective (a theorem of Torelli type) [2].

If one is given a one-dimensional family of $ K3 $- surfaces (over $ \mathbf C $) with one singular fibre, then the surface can be rearranged after covering the base, without alterations outside the singular fibre, so that that fibre either becomes non-singular or else is one of two types: a) the components of the singular fibre and the intersection curves are rational, and the dual polyhedron for the singular fibre has the topological type of a two-dimensional sphere; or b) the components of the singular fibre constitute a chain, and non-empty intersections occur only for adjacent surfaces, while the two extreme surfaces are rational surfaces, the middle ones are elliptic ruled surfaces and the intersection curves are elliptic. Types a) or b) arise when the monodromy of the family is non-trivial [2].

$ K3 $- surfaces over an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic allow of a lifting into characteristic zero, their crystalline cohomology spaces do not have torsion, and their ranks coincide with the corresponding Betti numbers. For supersingular surfaces, an analogue of the period mapping has been constructed and a theorem of Torelli type has been proved. In this case the period variety is irreducible, complete, has dimension 9, and is unirational. All possible intersection forms on $ N( X) $ have been described for supersingular surfaces, and there are nine of them for each value of the characteristic of the ground field [4].

References

[1] I.R. Shafarevich, "Algebraic surfaces" Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. , 75 (1967) Trudy Mat. Inst. Steklov. , 75 (1965) MR1392959 MR1060325 Zbl 0830.00008 Zbl 0733.14015 Zbl 0832.14026 Zbl 0509.14036 Zbl 0492.14024 Zbl 0379.14006 Zbl 0253.14006 Zbl 0154.21001
[2] V.S. Kulikov, "Degenerations of -surfaces and Enriques surfaces" Math. USSR Izv. , 11 (1977) pp. 957–989 Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. , 41 : 5 (1977) pp. 1008–1042
[3] A.N. Rudakov, I.R. Shafarevich, "On the degeneration of surfaces over fields of finite characteristic" Math. USSR Izv. , 18 (1982) pp. 561–574 Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. , 45 : 3 (1981) pp. 646–661 Zbl 0489.14015
[4] A.N. Rudakov, I.R. Shafarevich, "Surfaces of type over fields of finite characteristic" J. Soviet Math. , 22 : 4 (1983) pp. 1476–1533 Itogi Nauk. i Tekhn. Sovrem. Probl. Mat. , 18 (1981) Zbl 0518.14015
[5] D. Husemoller, "Classification and embeddings of surfaces" R. Hartshorne (ed.) , Algebraic geometry (Arcata, 1974) , Proc. Symp. Pure Math. , 29 , Amer. Math. Soc. (1975) pp. 329–420 MR0506292 Zbl 0326.14009

Comments

Proofs of some of the results mentioned about $ K 3 $- surfaces over fields of positive characteristic can be found in [a3] and [a5]. The notion of a $ K 3 $- surface applies also to (not necessarily algebraic) complex surfaces. Each such a surface has a structure of a Kählerian variety (cf. Kähler manifold) [a4]. There is an analogue of Torelli's theorem (cf. Torelli theorems) for complex $ K 3 $- surfaces [a1].

References

[a1] D. Burns, M. Rappoport, "On the Torelli theorem for Kählerian surfaces" Ann. Sci. Ec. Norm. Sup. , 8 (1975) pp. 235–274
[a2] A., et al. (ed.) Beauville, "Géométrie des surfaces : modules et périodes. Sem. Palaiseau" Astérisque , 126 (1985)
[a3] A. Ogus, "Periods of integrals in characteristic " , Internat. Congress Mathematicians (Warszawa, 1982) , PWN & North-Holland (1983) pp. 753–762 MR0804731 Zbl 0585.14015
[a4] Y. Siu, "Every surface is Kähler" Invent. Math. , 73 (1983) pp. 139–150 Zbl 0557.32004
[a5] J. Giraud (ed.) et al. (ed.) , Surfaces algébrique , Lect. notes in math. , 868 , Springer (1981) MR0638596 Zbl 0452.00012
[a6] A. Beauville, "Surfaces algébriques complexes" Astérisque , 54 (1978) MR0485887 Zbl 0394.14014
[a7] A. van de Ven, "Compact complex surfaces" , Springer (1984) Zbl 0718.14023
How to Cite This Entry:
K3-surface. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=K3-surface&oldid=35763
This article was adapted from an original article by A.N. Rudakov (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article