Scheme

A ringed space that is locally isomorphic to an affine scheme. More precisely, a scheme consists of a topological space (the underlying space of the scheme) and a sheaf of commutative rings with a unit on (the structure sheaf of the scheme); moreover, an open covering of must exist such that is isomorphic to the affine scheme of the ring of sections of over . A scheme is a generalization of the concept of an algebraic variety. For the history of the concept of a scheme, see [2], [3], [5].

Basic concepts and properties.

Let be a scheme. For every point , the stalk at of the sheaf is a local ring; the residue field of this ring is denoted by and is called the residue field of the point . As the topological properties of the scheme the properties of the underlying space are considered (for example, quasi-compactness, connectedness, irreducibility). If is a property of affine schemes (i.e. a property of rings), then one says that a scheme has property locally if any of its points has an open affine neighbourhood that has this property. The property of being locally Noetherian is an example of this (see Noetherian scheme). A scheme is regular if all its local rings are regular (cf. Regular ring (in commutative algebra)). Other schemes defined in the same way include normal and reduced schemes, as well as Cohen–Macaulay schemes.

A morphism of schemes is a morphism between them as locally ringed spaces. In other words, a morphism of a scheme into a scheme consists of a continuous mapping and a homomorphism of the sheaves of rings , where for any point , the homomorphism of local rings must map maximal ideals to maximal ideals. For any ring , the morphisms of into are in bijective correspondence with the ring homomorphisms . For any point , its imbedding in can also be considered as a morphism of schemes . An important property is the existence in the category of schemes of direct and fibre products (cf. Fibre product of objects in a category), which generalize the concept of the tensor product of rings. The underlying topological space of the product of two schemes and differs, generally speaking, from the product of the underlying spaces .

A scheme endowed with a morphism into a scheme is called an -scheme, or a scheme over . A morphism is called a morphism of -schemes and if . Any scheme can be seen as a scheme over . A morphism of base change permits a transition from the -scheme to the -scheme — the fibre product of and . If the underlying scheme is the spectrum of a ring , then one also speaks of a -scheme. A -scheme is called a -scheme of finite type if a finite affine covering of exists such that the -algebras are generated by a finite number of elements. A scheme of finite type over a field, sometimes requiring separability and completeness, is usually called an algebraic variety. A morphism of -schemes is called a rational point of the -scheme ; the set of such points is denoted by .

For an -scheme and a point , the -scheme , obtained from by a base change , is called a stalk (or fibre) of the morphism over . If, instead of the field in this definition one takes its algebraic closure, then the concept of a geometric fibre is obtained. Thereby, the -scheme can be considered as a family of schemes parametrized by the scheme . Often, when speaking of families, it is also required that the morphism be flat (cf. Flat morphism).

Concepts relating to schemes over are often said to be relative, as opposed to the absolute concepts relating to schemes. In fact, for every concept that is used for schemes there is a relative variant. For example, an -scheme is said to be separated if the diagonal imbedding is closed; a morphism is said to be smooth if it is flat and all its geometric fibres are regular. Other morphisms defined in the same way include affine, projective, proper, finite, étale, non-ramified, finite-type, etc. A property of a morphism is said to be universal if it is preserved under any base change.

Cohomology of schemes.

Studies of schemes and related algebraic-geometric objects can often be divided into two problems — local and global. Local problems are usually linearized and their data are described by some coherent sheaf or by sheaf complexes. For example, in the study of the local structure of a morphism , the sheaves of relative differential forms (cf. Differential form) are of some importance. The global part is usually related to the cohomology of these sheaves (see, for example, deformation of an algebraic variety). Finiteness theorems are useful here, as are theorems on the vanishing of the cohomology spaces (see Kodaira theorem), duality, the Künneth formula, the Riemann–Roch theorem, etc.

A scheme of finite type over a field can also be considered as a complex analytic space. Using transcendental methods, it is possible to calculate the cohomology of coherent sheaves; it is more important, however, that it is possible to speak of the complex, or strong, topology on , the fundamental group, the Betti numbers, etc. The desire to find something similar for arbitrary schemes and the far-reaching arithmetical hypotheses put forward (see Zeta-function in algebraic geometry) have led to the construction of different topologies in the category of schemes, the best known of which is the étale topology (cf. Etale topology). This has made it possible to define the fundamental group of a scheme, other homotopy invariants, cohomology spaces with values in discrete sheaves, Betti numbers, etc. (see -adic cohomology; Weil cohomology; Motives, theory of).

Construction of schemes.

In the construction of a concrete scheme one most frequently uses the concepts of an affine or projective spectrum (see Affine morphism; Projective scheme), including the definition of a subscheme by a sheaf of ideals. The construction of a projective spectrum makes it possible, in particular, to construct a monoidal transformation of schemes. Fibre products and glueing are also used in the construction of schemes. Less elementary constructions rely on the concept of a representable functor. By having at one's disposal a good concept of a family of objects parametrized by schemes, and by juxtaposing every scheme with a set of families parametrized by , a contravariant functor is obtained from the category of schemes into the category of sets (possibly with an additional structure). If the functor is representable, i.e. if a scheme exists such that for any , then a universal family of objects parametrized by is obtained. The Picard scheme and Hilbert scheme are constructed in this way (see also Algebraic space; Moduli theory).

One other method of generating new schemes is transition to a quotient space by means of an equivalence relation on a scheme. As a rule, this quotient space exists as an algebraic space. A particular instance of this construction is the scheme of orbits under the action of a group scheme on a scheme (see Invariants, theory of).

One of the generalizations of the concept of a scheme is a formal scheme, which may be understood to be the inductive limit of schemes with one and the same underlying topological space.

References

[1]	A. Grothendieck, J. Dieudonné, "Eléments de géometrie algébrique" , I. Le langage des schémes , Springer (1971)
[2]	J. Dieudonné, "Cours de géométrie algébrique" , I , Presses Univ. France (1974)
[3]	I.R. Shafarevich, "Basic algebraic geometry" , Springer (1977) (Translated from Russian)
[4]	R. Hartshorne, "Algebraic geometry" , Springer (1977)
[5]	I.V. Dolgachev, "Abstract algebraic geometry" J. Soviet Math. , 2 : 3 (1974) pp. 264–303 Itogi Nauk. i Tekhn. Algebra Topol. Geom. , 10 (1972) pp. 47–112

Comments

In earlier terminology, e.g. the fundamental original book [1], the phrase pre-scheme was used for a scheme as defined above; and scheme referred to a separated scheme, i.e. a scheme such that the diagonal is closed.

There are a large number of conditions, especially finiteness conditions, on morphisms between schemes that are considered. Some of these are as follows.

A morphism of schemes is a compact morphism (also called quasi-compact morphism) if there is an open covering of by affine sets such that is compact for all .

A morphism of schemes is a quasi-finite morphism if for every , is a finite set.

A morphism is a quasi-separated morphism if the diagonal morphism is compact.

A morphism is a morphism locally of finite type if there exists a covering of by open affine sets such that for each , can be covered by open affine sets such that each is a finitely-generated -algebra. If, in addition, finitely many suffice (for each ), then is a morphism of finite type.

A morphism is a finite morphism if there exists a covering of by open affine sets such that each is affine, say , and is a -algebra which is finitely generated as a -module.

Let be an algebra over a ring . The algebra is said to be finitely presentable over if it is isomorphic to a quotient , where is a finitely-generated ideal in . If is Noetherian, is finitely presentable if and only if is of finite type (i.e. finitely generated as an algebra over ).

Let be a morphism of (pre-) schemes, and , . Then is said to be finitely presentable in if there exists an open affine set and an open affine set such that and such that the ring is a finitely-presentable -algebra. The morphism is said to be locally finitely presentable if it is finitely presentable in each point . If is locally Noetherian, a morphism is locally finitely presentable if and only if it is locally of finite type. A morphism is finitely presentable if it is locally finitely presentable, quasi-compact and quasi-separated.

For some more important special conditions on morphisms of schemes and pre-schemes cf. Affine morphism; Smooth morphism (of schemes); Quasi-affine scheme; Separable mapping; Etale morphism; Proper morphism.

If is a morphism of such-and-such-a-type, then one often says that is a scheme of such-and-such-a-type over .