Ring with divided powers

Let $ R $ be a commutative ring with unit, and let $ A $ be an augmented $ R $- algebra, i.e. there is given a homomorphism of $ R $- algebras $ \epsilon : A \rightarrow R $. A divided power structure on $ R $( or, more precisely, on the augmentation ideal $ I( A)= \mathop{\rm Ker} ( \epsilon ) $) is a sequence of mappings

$$ \gamma _ {r} : I( A) \rightarrow I( A),\ r = 1, 2 \dots $$

such that

1) $ \gamma _ {1} ( x) = x $;

2) $ \gamma _ {r} ( x) \gamma _ {s} ( x) = ( {} _ { s } ^ {r+ s } ) \gamma _ {r+s} ( x) $;

3) $ \gamma _ {t} ( x+ y)= \sum_{r=0}^ {t} \gamma _ {r} ( x) \gamma _ {t-r}( y) $;

4) $ \gamma _ {s} ( \gamma _ {r} ( x))= \epsilon _ {s,r} \gamma _ {rs} ( x) $;

5) $ \gamma _ {r} ( xy) = r! \gamma _ {r} ( x) \gamma _ {r} ( y) $;

where $ \gamma _ {0} ( x) = 1 $ in 3) and

$$ \epsilon _ {s,r} = \left ( \begin{array}{c} r \\ r- 1 \end{array} \right ) \left ( \begin{array}{c} 2r \\ r- 1 \end{array} \right ) \dots \left ( \begin{array}{c} ( s- 1) r \\ r- 1 \end{array} \right ) . $$

In case $ A $ is a graded commutative algebra over $ R $ with $ A _ {0} = R $, these requirements are augmented as follows (and changed slightly):

6) $ \gamma _ {r} ( A _ {k} ) \subset A _ {rk} $,

with 5) replaced by

5')

$$ \begin{array}{ll} \gamma _ {r} ( xy) = r! \gamma _ {r} ( x) \gamma _ {r} ( y) & \textrm{ for } r\geq 2 \textrm{ and } x, y \textrm{ of even degree } ; \\ \gamma _ {r} ( xy) = 0 & \textrm{ for } r\geq 2 \textrm{ and } x, y \textrm{ of odd degree } . \\ \end{array} $$

Given an $ R $- module $ M $, an algebra with divided powers $ \Gamma ( M) $ is constructed as follows. It is generated (as an $ R $- algebra) by symbols $ m ^ {(r)} $, $ m \in M $, $ r= 1, 2 \dots $ and between these symbols the following relations are imposed:

$$ ( m _ {1} + m _ {2} ) ^ {(t)} = \sum_{r=0}^ { t } m _ {1} ^ {(r)} m _ {2} ^ {(t- r)} , $$

$$ ( \alpha m ) ^ {(t)} = \alpha ^ {t} m ^ {(t)} ,\ \alpha \in R, $$

$$ m ^ {(r)} m ^ {(s)} = \left ( \begin{array}{c} r+ s \\ r \end{array} \right ) m ^ {(r+ s)}. $$

This $ \Gamma ( M) $ satisfies 1)–5). The augmentation sends $ m ^ {(r)}$ to $ 0 $( $ r> 0 $). If one assigns to $ m ^ {(r)} $ the degree $ 2r $, a graded commutative algebra is obtained with $ \Gamma ( M) _ {0} = R $, $ \Gamma ( M) _ {1} = M $ which satisfies 1)–4), 5'), 6).

If $ A $ is a $ \mathbf Q $- algebra, divided powers can always be defined as $ a \mapsto ( r!) ^ {-1} a ^ {r} $. The relations 1)–5) can be understood as a way of writing down the interrelations between such "divided powers" (such as the one resulting from the binomial theorem) without having to use division by integers.

A divided power sequence in a co-algebra $ ( C, \mu ) $ is a sequence of elements $ y _ {0} = 1 , y _ {1} , y _ {2} \dots $ satisfying

$$ \mu ( y _ {n} ) = \sum _ {i+ j= n } y _ {i} \oplus y _ {j} . $$

Divided power sequences are used in the theories of Hopf algebras and formal groups (cf. Formal group; Hopf algebra), [a1]–[a3]. Rings with divided powers occur in algebraic topology (where they provide a natural setting for power cohomology operations), [a4], [a5], and the theory of formal groups [a3], [a2].

References

[a1]	N. Roby, "Les algèbres à puissances divisées" Bull. Soc. Math. France , 89 (1965) pp. 75–91
[a2]	M. Hazewinkel, "Formal groups and applications" , Acad. Press (1978)
[a3]	P. Cartier, "Exemples d'hyperalgèbres" , Sem. S. Lie 1955/56 , 3 , Secr. Math. Univ. Paris (1957)
[a4]	E. Thomas, "The generalized Pontryagin cohomology operations and rings with divided powers" , Amer. Math. Soc. (1957)
[a5]	S. Eilenberg, S. MacLane, "On the groups , II" Ann. of Math. , 60 (1954) pp. 49–189