Ovoid(2)

ovaloid

A set $ O $ of points in some space which is intersected by an arbitrary straight line in at most two points, and such that the tangents to $ O $ at each of its points cover exactly a hyperplane. In projective space a non-ruled quadric is an ovoid. This term is mainly used in finite geometries.

In finite projective spaces of dimension greater than three, ovoids do not exist. In three-dimensional spaces of order $ q > 2 $, an ovoid is a maximal $ k $- cap (cf. Cap) and consists of $ q ^ {2} + 1 $ points, and for odd $ q $ any ovoid is an elliptic quadric (see [1]). In a plane of order $ q $, an ovoid is called an oval, and consists of $ q + 1 $ points. In a Desarguesian plane of odd order, any oval is uniquely representable as a non-degenerate conic over a Galois field (see [2]).

References

[1]	B. Segre, "Introduction to Galois geometries" Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei , 8 (1967) pp. 133–236
[2]	B. Segre, "Ovals in a finite projective plane" Canad. J. Math. , 7 (1955) pp. 414–416
[3]	J. Tits, "Ovoids à translations" Rend. Mat. e Appl. , 21 (1962) pp. 37–59

Comments

For Desarguesian planes of even order there are counterexamples to the last statement above.

An ovoid in $ \mathbf P ^ {3} $ is a set $ {\mathcal O} $ of points such that no four lie in a plane and such that at each $ A \in {\mathcal O} $ there is a unique hyperplane through $ A $ tangent to $ {\mathcal O} $ at that point. Here "tangent" means that the intersection of $ {\mathcal O} $ with the hyperplane consists only of $ A $ itself.

For a finite field of odd characteristic the ovoids in $ \mathbf P ^ {3} $ are precisely the zeros of a quadratic form of Witt index 1, [a1].

An ovoid in a polar space (in particular, in a generalized quadrangle) is a collection $ {\mathcal O} $ of points such that every maximal singular subspace intersects $ {\mathcal O} $ in exactly one point. A spread in a generalized quadrangle is a set $ {\mathcal R} $ of lines such that each point is incident with one line of $ {\mathcal R} $. A spread is an ovoid in the dual generalized quadrangle. An ovoid in a finite generalized quadrangle of order $ ( s, t) $ has cardinality $ st+ 1 $.

A (trivial) example of an ovoid is the set of encircled points in the grid (cf. Quadrangle) depicted below:

The connection between the abstract notion of an ovoid in a polar space and an ovoid in $ \mathbf P ^ {3} $ is as follows. Consider the classical generalized quadrangle defined by a symplectic bilinear form $ Q $. I.e. the points are the points of $ \mathbf P ^ {3} $( which are all isotropic) and the lines are the totally isotropic lines of $ \mathbf P ^ {3} $ with respect to this form. Then an ovoid in this generalized quadrangle viewed as a subset of $ \mathbf P ^ {3} $ is an ovoid in the sense of the geometric version of the concept. (The tangent plane to $ ( y _ {0} : y _ {1} : y _ {2} : y _ {3} ) = A \in {\mathcal O} $ is $ A ^ \perp = \{ {x \in \mathbf P ^ {3} } : {Q( x, y) = 0 } \} $.

Let $ \Omega ^ {+} ( 2n, \mathbf F ) $, $ \mathbf F $ a finite field, be the (classical) polar space defined by the bilinear form

$$ x _ {0} x _ {1} + x _ {2} x _ {3} + \dots + x _ {2n-} 2 x _ {2n-} 1 . $$

Ovoids in $ \Omega ^ {+} ( 6, \mathbf F ) $ are used to obtain non-Desarguesian translation planes. From one "master" ovoid in $ \Omega ^ {+} ( 8, \mathbf F ) $ one obtains many ovoids in $ \Omega ^ {+} ( 6, \mathbf F ) $. It is an open problem whether there are ovoids in $ \Omega ^ {+} ( 10, \mathbf F ) $. There are none $ \Omega ^ {+} ( 10, \mathbf F _ {3} ) $, [a4], or in $ \Omega ^ {+} ( 10 , \mathbf F _ {2} ) $, [a5].

References

[a1]	A. Barlotti, "Un' estenzione del teorema di Segre–Kustaanheimo" Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. (3) , 10 (1955) pp. 498–506
[a2]	S.E. Pagne, J.A. Thas, "Finite generalized quadrangles" , Pitman (1984)
[a3]	G. Mason, E.E. Shult, "The Klein correspondence and the ubiquity of certain translation planes" Geom. Dedicata , 21 (1986) pp. 29–50
[a4]	E.E. Shult, "Nonexistence of ovoids in " J. Comb. Theory, Ser. A , 51 (1989) pp. 250–257
[a5]	W.M. Kantor, "Ovoids and translation planes" Canad. J. Math. , 34 (1982) pp. 1195–1207
[a6]	J.W.P. Hirschfeld, "Finite projective spaces of three dimensions" , Clarendon Press (1985) pp. Chapt. 16