# Omega-squared distribution

$\omega ^ {2}$- distribution

The probability distribution of the random variable

$$\omega ^ {2} = \int\limits _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } Z ^ {2} ( t) dt,$$

where $Z( t)$ is a conditional Wiener process (conditioned on $Z ( 1) = 0$). The characteristic function of the "omega-squared" distribution is expressed by the formula

$${\mathsf E} e ^ {it \omega ^ {2} } = \prod _ { k= 1} ^ \infty \left ( 1 - \frac{2it }{\pi ^ {2} k ^ {2} } \right ) ^ {-1/2} .$$

In mathematical statistics, the "omega-squared" distribution is often found in the following circumstances. Let $X _ {1} \dots X _ {n}$ be independent random variables, uniformly distributed on $[ 0, 1]$, according to which an empirical distribution function $F _ {n} ( \cdot )$ is constructed. In this case, the process

$$Z _ {n} ( t) = \sqrt n ( F _ {n} ( t) - t)$$

converges weakly to a conditional Wiener process, from which it follows that

$$\lim\limits _ {n \rightarrow \infty } {\mathsf P} \left \{ \int\limits _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } Z _ {n} ^ {2} ( t) dt < \lambda \right \} = \ {\mathsf P} \{ \omega ^ {2} < \lambda \} =$$

$$= \ 1 - \frac{2} \pi \sum _ { k= 1} ^ \infty (- 1) ^ {k-1} \int\limits _ {( 2k- 1) \pi } ^ { {2k } \pi } \frac{e ^ {- t ^ {2} \lambda / 2 } }{\sqrt {- t \sin t } } dt,\ \lambda > 0 .$$

#### References

 [1] N.V. Smirnov, "On the $\omega ^ { 2 }$-distribution" Mat. Sb. , 2 (1937) pp. 973–993 (In Russian) [2] T.W. Anderson, D.A. Darling, "Asymptotic theory of certain "goodness of fit" criteria based on stochastic processes" Ann. Math. Stat. , 23 (1952) pp. 193–212

The "conditional Wiener process" $Z$ is usually referred to in the Western literature as tied-down Brownian motion, pinned Brownian motion or as the Brownian bridge.