Direct product

2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 03E [MSN][ZBL]

A basic general mathematical construction. The idea behind it is due to R. Descartes; therefore the direct product is also called the Cartesian product. The direct product, or simply the product, of two non-empty sets and is the set consisting of all ordered pairs of the form , , :

If one of the sets or is empty then so is their product. The set can be identified with the set of functions defined on the two-element set and taking the value 1 for elements of , and the value 2 for elements of . This identification leads to a general definition of a direct product of sets. Let be some index set and suppose that is an arbitrary family of sets, indexed by the elements of . The direct product of the , , is the set of functions , where , such that for every . Usually, the direct product is denoted by , for a finite index set one also uses the notations and . If consists of the single element 1, then . Sometimes one defines the direct product of a finite number of factors inductively:

One merit of the construction of a direct product rests above all in the possibility of naturally introducing supplementary structures in it, if all factors have the same mathematical structure. E.g., if the , , are algebraic systems of the same type, i.e. sets with a common signature of finitely-placed predicates and operations, then the product can be made into an algebraic system of the same signature: For functions and an -ary operation the action of the function on one element is defined by

The value of a predicate is true if for every the value of is true. Moreover, if in all an equation is satisfied, then it is also satisfied in their product. Therefore, the product of semi-groups, groups, rings, vector spaces, etc., is again a semi-group, group, ring, vector space, respectively.

For an arbitrary factor of a direct product there exists a natural projection , defined by . The set and the family of projections , , have the following universal property: For every family of mappings there exists a unique mapping such that for every . This property also holds if all are algebraic systems of one type, and makes it possible to define a suitable topology on a direct product of topological spaces. The property formulated is the basis for the definition of the product of a family of objects in a category.

One often encounters problems of describing mathematical objects that cannot be decomposed into a direct product, and of stating conditions under which the factors of a direct product are uniquely determined up to an isomorphism. Classical results in this respect are the theorem on the structure of finitely-generated modules over principal ideal rings and the Remak–Schmidt theorem on the central isomorphism of direct decompositions of a group with a principal series.

The direct product is sometimes called the complete direct product, to distinguish it from the restricted direct product, which is defined when there is a supplementary structure in the factors: an important case of this is the discrete direct product (or direct sum), which is defined when the supplementary structures are a one-element substructures (e.g. base points of pointed sets and pointed spaces, unit subgroups of groups, zero subspaces, etc.). As a rule, the direct product of a finite number of factors coincides with the discrete product.