Difference between revisions of "Poisson stability"
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There are still more general formulations of the theorems of Poincaré and E. Hopf (cf. [[#References|[2]]]). | There are still more general formulations of the theorems of Poincaré and E. Hopf (cf. [[#References|[2]]]). | ||
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====Comments==== | ====Comments==== | ||
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====References==== | ====References==== | ||
− | <table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> W.H. Gottschalk, G.A. Hedlund, "Topological dynamics" , Amer. Math. Soc. (1955)</TD></TR></table> | + | <table> |
+ | <TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> H. Poincaré, "Les méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique céleste" , '''3''' , Gauthier-Villars (1899) pp. Chapt. 26</TD></TR> | ||
+ | <TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> V.V. Nemytskii, V.V. Stepanov, "Qualitative theory of differential equations" , Princeton Univ. Press (1960) (Translated from Russian)</TD></TR> | ||
+ | <TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> J.C. Oxtoby, "Measure and category" , Springer (1971)</TD></TR> | ||
+ | <TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> W.H. Gottschalk, G.A. Hedlund, "Topological dynamics" , Amer. Math. Soc. (1955) {{ZBL|0067.15204}}</TD></TR> | ||
+ | </table> |
Revision as of 19:42, 21 March 2023
The property of a point $ x $(
a trajectory $ f ^ { t } x $)
of a dynamical system $ f ^ { t } $(
or $ f ( t , \cdot ) $,
cf. [2]), given in a topological space $ S $,
consisting in the following: There are sequences $ t _ {k} \rightarrow + \infty $,
$ \tau _ {k} \rightarrow - \infty $
such that
$$ \lim\limits _ {k \rightarrow \infty } f ^ { t _ {k} } x = \ \lim\limits _ {k \rightarrow \infty } f ^ { \tau _ {k} } x = x . $$
In other words, $ x $ is an $ \alpha $- and $ \omega $- limit point (cf. Limit point of a trajectory) of the trajectory $ f ^ { t } x $. The concept of Poisson stability was introduced by H. Poincaré [1] on the basis of an analysis of results of Poisson on the stability of planetary orbits.
Every Poisson-stable point is non-wandering; the converse is not true (cf. Wandering point). Every fixed and every periodic point, more generally, every recurrent point, is Poisson stable. If $ S = \mathbf R ^ {2} $ and the dynamical system is smooth (i.e. given by a vector field of class $ C ^ {1} $), then every Poisson-stable point is either fixed or periodic (cf. Poincaré–Bendixson theory).
Poincaré's recurrence theorem (cf. Poincaré return theorem): If a dynamical system is given in a bounded domain of $ \mathbf R ^ {n} $ and if Lebesgue measure is an invariant measure of the system, then all points are Poisson stable, with the exception of a certain set of the first category of measure zero (cf. [1], [3]). A generalization of this theorem to dynamical systems given on a space of infinite measure is the Hopf recurrence theorem (cf. [2]): If a dynamical system is given on an arbitrary domain in $ \mathbf R ^ {n} $( e.g. on $ \mathbf R ^ {n} $ itself) and if Lebesgue measure is an invariant measure of the system, then every point, with the exception of the points of a certain set of measure zero, is either Poisson stable or divergent, i.e.
$$ | f ^ { t } x | \rightarrow \infty \ \textrm{ as } | t | \rightarrow \infty . $$
There are still more general formulations of the theorems of Poincaré and E. Hopf (cf. [2]).
Comments
In Western literature on (abstract) topological dynamics (as opposed to the qualitative theory of differential equations) often the term "recurrent" is used for Poisson stability; see [a1]. For further comments, see Recurrent point.
References
[1] | H. Poincaré, "Les méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique céleste" , 3 , Gauthier-Villars (1899) pp. Chapt. 26 |
[2] | V.V. Nemytskii, V.V. Stepanov, "Qualitative theory of differential equations" , Princeton Univ. Press (1960) (Translated from Russian) |
[3] | J.C. Oxtoby, "Measure and category" , Springer (1971) |
[a1] | W.H. Gottschalk, G.A. Hedlund, "Topological dynamics" , Amer. Math. Soc. (1955) Zbl 0067.15204 |
Poisson stability. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Poisson_stability&oldid=53064