# Subseries convergence

If $( G , \tau )$ is a Hausdorff Abelian topological group, a series $\sum x _ { k }$ in $G$ is $\tau$-subseries convergent (respectively, unconditionally convergent) if for each subsequence $\{ x _ { n_k } \}$ (respectively, each permutation $\pi$) of $\{ x_k \}$, the subseries $\sum _ { k = 1 } ^ { \infty } x _ {{ n } _ { k }}$ (respectively, the rearrangement $\sum _ { k = 1 } ^ { \infty } x _ { \pi ( k )}$) is $\tau$-convergent in $G$. In one of the early papers in the history of functional analysis, W. Orlicz showed that if $X$ is a weakly sequentially complete Banach space, then a series in $X$ is weakly unconditionally convergent if and only if the series is norm unconditionally convergent [a5]. Later, he noted that if "unconditional convergence" is replaced by "subseries convergence" , the proof showed that the weak sequential completeness assumption could be dropped. That is, a series in a Banach space is weakly subseries convergent if and only if the series is norm subseries convergent; this result was announced in [a1], but no proof was given. In treating some problems in vector-valued measure and integration theory, B.J. Pettis needed to use this result but noted that no proof was supplied and then proceeded to give a proof ([a6]; the proof is very similar to that of Orlicz). The result subsequently came to be known as the Orlicz–Pettis theorem (see [a3] for a historical discussion).

Since the Orlicz–Pettis theorem has many applications, particularly to the area of vector-valued measure and integration theory, there have been attempts to generalize the theorem in several directions. For example, A. Grothendieck remarked that the result held for locally convex spaces and a proof was supplied by C.W. McArthur. Recent (1998) results have attempted to push subseries convergence to topologies on the space which are stronger than the original topology (for references to these results, see the historical survey of [a4]).

In the case of a Banach space $X$, attempts have been made to replace the weak topology of $X$ by a weaker topology, $\sigma ( X , Y )$, generated by a subspace $Y$ of the dual space of $X$ which separates the points of $X$. Perhaps the best result in this direction is the Diestel–Faires theorem, which states that if $X$ contains no subspace isomorphic to $\text{l} ^ { \infty }$, then a series in $X$ is $\sigma ( X , Y )$ subseries convergent if and only if the series is norm subseries convergent. If $X$ is the dual of a Banach space $Z$ and $Y = Z$, then the converse also holds (see [a2], for references and further results).

J. Stiles gave what is probably the first extension of the Orlicz–Pettis theorem to non-locally convex spaces; namely, he established a version of the theorem for a complete metric linear space with a Schauder basis. This leads to a very general form of the theorem by N. Kalton in the context of Abelian topological groups (see [a4] for references on these and further results).

#### References

 [a1] S. Banach, "Théoriè des opérations linéaires" , Monogr. Mat. Warsaw (1932) [a2] J. Diestel, J. Uhl, "Vector measures" , Surveys , 15 , Amer. Math. Soc. (1977) [a3] W. Filter, I. Labuda, "Essays on the Orlicz–Pettis theorem I" Real Anal. Exch. , 16 (1990/91) pp. 393–403 [a4] N. Kalton, "The Orlicz–Pettis theorem" Contemp. Math. , 2 (1980) [a5] W. Orlicz, "Beiträge zur Theorie der Orthogonalent wicklungen II" Studia Math. , 1 (1929) pp. 241–255 [a6] B.J. Pettis, "On integration in vector spaces" Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. , 44 (1938) pp. 277–304
How to Cite This Entry:
Subseries convergence. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Subseries_convergence&oldid=49895
This article was adapted from an original article by Charles W. Swartz (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article