# Hardy-Littlewood problem

(Redirected from Hardy–Littlewood problem)

The problem of finding an asymptotic formula for the number $Q ( n)$ of solutions of the equation

$$\tag{1 } p + x ^ {2} + y ^ {2} = n,$$

where $p$ is a prime number, $x$ and $y$ are integers, and $n$ is a natural number $( n \rightarrow \infty )$. An analogue of this problem is that of finding the asymptotic behaviour for the number of solutions of the equation

$$\tag{2 } p - x ^ {2} - y ^ {2} = l,$$

where $l \neq 0$ is a fixed integer, and $p \leq n$( $n \rightarrow \infty$).

The problem was raised by G.H. Hardy and J.E. Littlewood in 1923 and treated by them on the basis of heuristic and hypothetical arguments.

The dispersion method worked out by Yu.V. Linnik enabled him to find an asymptotic expansion for (1):

$$Q ( n) = \ \pi A _ {0} \frac{n}{ \mathop{\rm ln} n } \prod _ {p\mid n } \frac{( p - 1) ( p - \chi _ {4} ( p)) }{p ^ {2} - p + \chi _ {4} ( p) } + R ( n),$$

where

$$A _ {0} = \ \prod _ {p\mid n } \left ( 1 + \frac{\chi _ {4} ( p) }{p ( p - 1) } \right ) ,\ \ R ( n) = O \left ( \frac{n}{( \mathop{\rm ln} n) ^ {1.042} } \right ) .$$

From a similar formula for (2) it follows that the set of prime numbers of the form $p = x ^ {2} + y ^ {2} + l$ is infinite. By means of the dispersion method an asymptotic expansion has also been found for the number of solutions of the generalized Hardy–Littlewood equation $p + \phi ( x, y) = l$, where $p$ is a prime number and $\phi ( x, y)$ is a given primitive positive-definite quadratic form.

The discussion of the similar equation $p - \phi ( x, y) = l$ leads to a proof that the set of prime numbers of the form $p = \phi ( x, y) + l$ is infinite.

The Vinogradov–Bombieri theorem on the average distribution of prime numbers in arithmetic progressions also gives a solution of the Hardy–Littlewood problem, by replacing the extended Riemann hypothesis by theorems of the type of the large sieve.

#### References

 [1] Yu.V. Linnik, "The dispersion method in binary additive problems" , Amer. Math. Soc. (1963) (Translated from Russian) [2] B.M. Bredikhin, Yu.V. Linnik, "Asymptotic behaviour and ergodic properties of solutions of the generalized Hardy–Littlewood equation" Mat. Sb. , 71 : 2 (1966) pp. 145–161 (In Russian) [3] B.M. Bredikhin, "The dispersion method and definite binary additive problems" Russian Math. Surveys , 20 : 2 (1965) pp. 85–125 Uspekhi Mat. Nauk , 20 : 2 (1965) pp. 89–130