# Dirichlet theorem

A name referring to several theorems associated with Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805-1859).

### Dirichlet's theorem in the theory of Diophantine approximations

For any real number $\alpha$ and any natural number $Q$ there exist integers $a$ and $q$ which satisfy the condition $$|\alpha q - a | < \frac{1}{q}\,,\ \ \ 0 < q \le Q\ .$$ With the aid of the Dirichlet box principle a more general theorem can be demonstrated: For any real numbers $\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_n$ and any natural number $Q$ there exist integers $a_1,\ldots,a_n$ and $q$ such that $$\max(|\alpha_1 q - a_1|,\ldots,|\alpha_n q - a_n|) < \frac{1}{Q^{1/n}}\,,\ \ \ 0 < q \le Q\ .$$

#### References

 [1] J.W.S. Cassels, "An introduction to diophantine approximation" , Cambridge Univ. Press (1957)

V.I. Bernik

### Dirichlet's unit theorem

A theorem describing the structure of the multiplicative group of units of an algebraic number field; obtained by P.G.L. Dirichlet [1].

Each algebraic number field $K$ of degree $n$ over the field of rational numbers $\mathbf Q$ has $n$ different isomorphisms into the field of complex numbers $\mathbf C$. If under the isomorphism $\sigma : K \rightarrow \mathbf C$ the image of the field is contained in the field of real numbers, this isomorphism is said to be real; otherwise it is said to be complex. Each complex isomorphism $\sigma$ has a complex conjugate isomorphism $\overline \sigma \; : K \rightarrow \mathbf C$, defined by the equation $\overline \sigma \; ( \alpha ) = \overline{ {\sigma ( \alpha ) }}\;$, $\alpha \in K$. In this way the number $n$ may be represented as $n = s + 2t$, where $s$ is the number of real and $2t$ is the number of complex isomorphisms of $K$ into $\mathbf C$.

Dirichlet's theorem: In an arbitrary order $A$ of an algebraic number field $K$ of degree $n = s + 2t$ there exist $r = s + t - 1$ units $\epsilon _ {1} \dots \epsilon _ {r}$ such that any unit $\epsilon \in A$ is uniquely representable as a product

$$\epsilon = \zeta \epsilon _ {1} ^ {s _ {1} } \dots \epsilon _ {r} ^ {s _ {r} } ,$$

where $s _ {1} \dots s _ {r}$ are integers and $\zeta$ is some root of unity contained in $A$. The units $\epsilon _ {1} \dots \epsilon _ {r}$, the existence of which is established by Dirichlet's theorem, are said to be the basic units of the order $A$. In particular, the basic units of the maximal order $D$ of the field $K$, i.e. the ring of integers of $K$, are usually called basic units of the algebraic number field $K$.

#### References

 [1] P.G.L. Dirichlet, "Werke" , 1 , Springer (1889) [2] Z.I. Borevich, I.R. Shafarevich, "Number theory" , Acad. Press (1966) (Translated from Russian) (German translation: Birkhäuser, 1966)

S.A. Stepanov

### Dirichlet's theorem on prime numbers in an arithmetical progression

Each arithmetical progression whose first term and difference are relatively prime contains an infinite number of prime numbers. It was in fact proved by P.G.L. Dirichlet [1] that for any given relatively prime numbers $l , k$,

$$\lim\limits _ {s \rightarrow 1 + 0 } \sum _ { p } \frac{1}{p ^ {s} } \frac{1}{ \mathop{\rm ln} 1 / ( s - 1 ) } = \frac{1}{\phi (k) } ,$$

where the summation is effected over all prime numbers $p$ subject to the condition $p \equiv l$( $\mathop{\rm mod} k$) and $\phi (k)$ is Euler's function. This relation may be interpreted as the law of uniform distribution of prime numbers over the residue classes $l$( $\mathop{\rm mod} k$), since

$$\lim\limits _ {s \rightarrow 1 + 0 } \sum _ { p } \frac{1}{p ^ {s} } \frac{1}{ \mathop{\rm ln} 1 / ( s - 1 ) } = 1 ,$$

where the summation is extended over all prime numbers.

Let $x > 1$ be an integer and let $\pi ( x ; l , k )$ be the amount of prime numbers $p \leq x$ subject to the condition $p \equiv l$( $\mathop{\rm mod} k$), where $0 < l < k$ and $l$ and $k$ are relatively prime. Then

$$\pi ( x ; l , k ) = \frac{\int\limits _ { 2 } ^ { x } \frac{d u }{ \mathop{\rm ln} u } }{\phi (k) } + O ( x e ^ {-c \sqrt { \mathop{\rm ln} x } } ) ,$$

where the estimate of the remainder is uniform in $k \leq ( \mathop{\rm ln} x ) ^ {A}$ for any given $A > 0$, and $c = c (A) > 0$ is a magnitude which depends only on $A$( non-effectively). This is the modern form of Dirichlet's theorem, which immediately indicates the nature of the distribution of the prime numbers $p \equiv l$( $\mathop{\rm mod} k$) in the series of natural numbers. It is believed (the extended Riemann hypothesis) that, for given relatively prime $l$ and $k$ and any integer $x > 1$,

$$\pi ( x ; l , k ) = \frac{\int\limits _ { 2 } ^ { x } \frac{d u }{ \mathop{\rm ln} \ u } }{\phi (k) } + O ( x ^ {1 / 2 + \epsilon } ) ,$$

where $\epsilon > 0$ is arbitrary, while $O$ is a magnitude depending on $k$ and $\epsilon$.

#### References

 [1] P.G.L. Dirichlet, "Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie" , Vieweg (1894) [2] K. Prachar, "Primzahlverteilung" , Springer (1957) [3] A.A. Karatsuba, "Fundamentals of analytic number theory" , Moscow (1975) (In Russian)

V.G. Sprindzhuk

### Dirichlet's theorem on Fourier series

If a $2 \pi$- periodic function $f$ is piecewise monotone on the segment $[ - \pi , \pi ]$ and has at most finitely many discontinuity points on it, i.e. if the so-called Dirichlet conditions are satisfied, then its trigonometric Fourier series converges to $f (x)$ at each continuity point and to $[ f ( x + 0 ) + f ( x - 0 ) ]/ 2$ at each discontinuity point. First demonstrated by P.G.L. Dirichlet [1]. Dirichlet's theorem was generalized by C. Jordan [3] to functions of bounded variation.

#### References

 [1] P.G.L. Dirichlet, "Sur la convergence des series trigonométriques qui servent à représenter une fonction arbitraire entre des limites donnés" J. Math. , 4 (1829) pp. 157–169 [2] P.G.L. Dirichlet, "Werke" , 1 , Springer (1889) [3] C. Jordan, C.R. Acad. Sci. , 92 (1881) pp. 228–230 [4] N.K. [N.K. Bari] Bary, "A treatise on trigonometric series" , Pergamon (1964) (Translated from Russian) [5] A. Zygmund, "Trigonometric series" , 1 , Cambridge Univ. Press (1988)
How to Cite This Entry:
Dirichlet theorem. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Dirichlet_theorem&oldid=44786
This article was adapted from an original article by T.P. Lukashenko (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article