# Net (of sets in a topological space)

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network (of sets in a topological space)

A family ${\mathcal P}$ of subsets of a topological space $X$ such that for each $x \in X$ and each neighbourhood $O _ {x}$ of $x$ there is an element $M$ of ${\mathcal P}$ such that $x \in M \subset O _ {x}$.

The family of all one-point subsets of a space and every base of a space are networks. The difference between a network and a base is that the elements of a network need not be open sets. Networks appear under continuous mappings: If $f$ is a continuous mapping of a topological space $X$ onto a topological space $Y$ and ${\mathcal B}$ is a base of $X$, then the images of the elements of ${\mathcal B}$ under $f$ form a network ${\mathcal P} = \{ {f U } : {U \in {\mathcal B} } \}$ in $Y$. Further, if $X$ is covered by a family $\{ {X _ \alpha } : {\alpha \in A } \}$ of subspaces, then, taking for each $\alpha \in A$ any base ${\mathcal B} _ \alpha$ of $X _ \alpha$ and amalgamating these bases, a network ${\mathcal P} = \cup \{ { {\mathcal B} _ \alpha } : {\alpha \in A } \}$ in $X$ is obtained. Spaces with a countable network are characterized as images of separable metric spaces under continuous mappings.

The minimum cardinality of a network of a space $X$ is called the network weight, or net weight, of $X$ and is denoted by $\mathop{\rm nw} ( X)$. The net weight of a space never exceeds its weight (cf. Weight of a topological space), but, as is shown by the example of a countable space without a countable base, the net weight can differ from the weight. For compact Hausdorff spaces the net weight coincides with the weight. This result extends to locally compact spaces, Čech-complete spaces and feathered spaces (cf. Feathered space). Hence, in particular, it follows that weight does not increase under surjective mappings of such spaces. Another corollary: If a feathered space $X$( in particular, a Hausdorff compactum) is given as the union of a family of cardinality $\leq \tau$ of subspaces, the weight of each of which does not exceed $\tau$, supposed infinite, then the weight of $X$ does not exceed $\tau$.

#### References

 [1] A.V. Arkhangel'skii, V.I. Ponomarev, "Fundamentals of general topology: problems and exercises" , Reidel (1984) (Translated from Russian) [2] A.V. Arkhangel'skii, "An addition theorem for weights of sets lying in bicompacta" Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR , 126 : 2 (1959) pp. 239–241 (In Russian)

#### Comments

Most English-language texts (cf. e.g. [a4]) use network for the concept called "net" above. This is because the term "net" also has a second, totally different, meaning in general topology.

A net in a set (topological space) $X$ is an indexed set $\{ x _ \alpha \} _ {\alpha \in \Sigma }$ of points of $X$, where $\Sigma$ is a directed set. In Russian this is called a generalized sequence.

One can build a theory of convergence for nets: Moore–Smith convergence (cf. Moore space).

#### References

 [a1] R. Engelking, "General topology" , PWN (1977) (Translated from Polish) (Revised and extended version of [3] above) [a2] J.L. Kelley, "Convergence in topology" Duke Math. J. , 17 (1950) pp. 277–283 [a3] E.H. Moore, H.L. Smith, "A general theory of limits" Amer. J. Math. , 44 (1922) pp. 102–121 [a4] J.-I. Nagata, "Modern general topology" , North-Holland (1985)
How to Cite This Entry:
Net (of sets in a topological space). Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Net_(of_sets_in_a_topological_space)&oldid=47957
This article was adapted from an original article by A.V. Arkhangel'skii (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article