# Difference between revisions of "Littlewood problem"

The Littlewood problem for compatible Diophantine approximations is the question of the existence, for any real numbers $\alpha,\,\beta,\,\epsilon>0$, of a natural number $n$ such that $n \cdot \Vert n\alpha \Vert \cdot \Vert n\beta \Vert < \epsilon$, where $\Vert x \Vert$ is the distance from $x$ to the nearest integer. In certain cases, for example for rational $\alpha$ and $\beta$, and for numbers $\alpha$ and $\beta$ one of which can be represented by a continued fraction with non-negative elements, the Littlewood problem has an affirmative answer.

The Littlewood problem for integrals is the problem whether for an arbitrary increasing sequence $M$ of natural numbers $(m_k)$, $k=1,2,\ldots$, one has $$\label{eq:1} \int_0^1 \left\vert { \sum_{k=1}^n \exp(2\pi i m_k x) }\right\vert dx > f(n)$$ with $f(n) = C \log n$, where $C > 0$ is an absolute constant and $n > n_0$. The following estimates have been obtained: either weaker estimates in comparison with \eqref{eq:1} for arbitrary sequences $M$, or estimates close to \eqref{eq:1} or even coinciding with this estimate, but for special sequences $M$.

The Littlewood problems were stated by J.E. Littlewood (see [1]).

## Contents

#### References

 [1] G.H. Hardy, J.E. Littlewood, "A new proof of a theorem on rearrangements" J. London Math. Soc. , 23 (1948) pp. 163–168 [2] J.W.S. Cassels, "An introduction to the geometry of numbers" , Springer (1959)

The Littlewood problem for integrals has attracted the active interest of many mathematicians over a thirty year span. It was finally settled in the affirmative in 1981 by O.C. McGehee, L. Pigno and B. Smith [a1], and, independently, by S.V. Konyagin [a2]. A description of the problem just prior to its solution is given in [a3], Sect. 1.3.

For $N=2n+1$ and $m_k = k$ the left-hand side of \eqref{eq:1} is equal to the Lebesgue constant $L_N$. As $L_N = (4/\pi^2)\log N + \lambda_N$, where the $\lambda_N$ are bounded and positive, it follows that the constant $C$ cannot be taken larger than $\frac{4}{\pi^2}$. A remaining conjecture is that \eqref{eq:1} holds with $f(n) = (4/\pi^2) \log n$ (for all $n \ge 1$). See [a4], where \eqref{eq:1} is proved with $f(n) = (4/\pi^3) \log n$.

#### References

 [a1] O.C. McGehee, L. Pigno, B. Smith, "Hardy's inequality and the $L^1$ norm for exponential sums" Ann. of Math. , 113 (1981) pp. 613–618 Zbl 0473.42001 DOI 10.2307/2007000 [a2] S.V. [S.V. Konyagin] Konjagin, "On a problem of Littlewood" Math. USSR Izv. , 18 : 2 (1982) pp. 205–225 Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR , 45 (1981) pp. 243–265 [a3] C.C. Graham, O.C. McGehee, "Essays in commutative harmonic analysis" , Springer (1979) pp. Chapt. 5 [a4] J.D. Stegeman, "On the constant in the Littlewood problem" Math. Ann. , 261 (1982) pp. 51–54

#### Comment

The Littlewood problem for polynomials asks how large the values a polynomial must be on the unit circle in the complex plane when the coefficients of the polynomial are all $\pm 1$. The answer to this would yield information about the autocorrelation of binary sequences. See Littlewood polynomial.

#### References

 [b1] Peter Borwein, Computational Excursions in Analysis and Number Theory, CMS Books in Mathematics 10, Springer (2002) ISBN 0-387-95444-9 Zbl 1020.12001 [b2] J.E. Littlewood, Some problems in real and complex analysis, Heath Mathematical Monographs, D.C. Heath (1968) Zbl 0185.11502
How to Cite This Entry:
Littlewood problem. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Littlewood_problem&oldid=15076
This article was adapted from an original article by B.M. Bredikhin (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article