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Difference between revisions of "Baric algebra"

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i) <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014019.png" /> is a weighted algebra;
 
i) <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014019.png" /> is a weighted algebra;
  
ii) there exists a finite basis <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014020.png" /> of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014021.png" /> over <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014022.png" /> such that if <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014023.png" /> (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014024.png" />) is the multiplication table of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014025.png" /> in this basis (the scalars <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014026.png" /> (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014027.png" />) are the structure constants of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014028.png" />), then <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014029.png" /> (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014030.png" />);
+
ii) there exists a finite basis <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014020.png" /> of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014021.png" /> over <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014022.png" /> such that if <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014023.png" /> (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014024.png" />) is the multiplication table of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014025.png" /> in this basis (the scalars <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014026.png" /> (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014027.png" />) are the [[structure constant]]s of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014028.png" />), then <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014029.png" /> (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014030.png" />);
  
 
iii) there exists a two-sided ideal <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014031.png" /> of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014032.png" />, of codimension one, such that <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014033.png" />.
 
iii) there exists a two-sided ideal <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014031.png" /> of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014032.png" />, of codimension one, such that <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/b/b110/b110140/b11014033.png" />.

Latest revision as of 09:47, 11 April 2020

weighted algebra

In 1939, in connection with the formalism of genetics, I.M.H. Etherington introduced the notion of baric algebra (cf. [a1]; more commonly it is also called a weighted algebra). If is a (commutative) field and a -algebra, not necessarily commutative or associative, one says that is a weighted algebra if there exists an algebra morphism which is non-trivial. This means that one can write , where is a convenient element of . The morphism is called the weight function of and one can regard a weighted algebra as a pair where is an algebra and the weight function. A morphism of weighted algebras is a morphism of algebras such that . This gives a category, the category of weighted algebras. All constructions on weighted algebras are made in this category. For a finite-dimensional -algebra , the following conditions are equivalent:

i) is a weighted algebra;

ii) there exists a finite basis of over such that if () is the multiplication table of in this basis (the scalars () are the structure constants of ), then ();

iii) there exists a two-sided ideal of , of codimension one, such that .

It is easy to see that a Lie algebra is not weighted; however, over any weighted algebra one can define a Lie algebra structure via the multiplication (bracket) for all . A Jordan algebra may or may not be weighted; however, over any weighted algebra one can define a Jordan algebra structure via the multiplication for all . A weighted algebra is not necessarily associative (cf. Associative rings and algebras); however, over any weighted algebra with a unit one can define an associative algebra structure via the multiplication for all . A Clifford algebra is not weighted; in particular, the algebra of complex numbers and the algebra of quaternions are not weighted. All Bernstein algebras are weighted (cf. Bernstein algebra).

References

[a1] I.M.H. Etherington, "Genetic algebras" Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh , 59 (1939) pp. 242–258
[a2] D. McHale, G.A. Ringwood, "Haldane linearisation of baric algebras" J. London Math. Soc. (2) , 28 (1983) pp. 17–26
[a3] A. Micali, Ph. Revoy, "Sur les algèbres gamétiques" Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc , 29 (1986) pp. 187–197
[a4] M.K. Singh, D.K. Singh, "On baric algebras" The Math. Education (2) , 20 (1986) pp. 54–55
How to Cite This Entry:
Baric algebra. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Baric_algebra&oldid=45325
This article was adapted from an original article by A. Micali (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article