Banach function space

Let be a complete -finite measure space and let be the space of all equivalence classes of -measurable real-valued functions endowed with the topology of convergence in measure relative to each set of finite measure.

A Banach space is called a Banach function space on if there exists a such that almost everywhere and satisfies the ideal property:

The Lebesgue function spaces () play a primary role in many problems arising in mathematical analysis. There are other classes of Banach function spaces that are also of interest. The classes of Musielak–Orlicz, Lorentz and Marcinkiewicz spaces, for example, are of intrinsic importance (cf. also Orlicz space; Orlicz–Lorentz space; Marcinkiewicz space). Function spaces are important and natural examples of abstract Banach lattices (a Banach lattice is a Banach space that is also a vector lattice with the property that whenever , where , cf. also Banach lattice). A Banach lattice is said to be order continuous if whenever . The following very useful general representation result (see [a12]) allows one to reduce most of the proofs for a quite large class of abstract Banach lattices to the case of Banach function spaces: Let be an order-continuous Banach lattice with a weak unit (a weak unit is an element such that implies ). Then there exist a probability space and a Banach function space on such that is isometrically lattice-isomorphic to and with continuous inclusions.

See [a2], [a7], [a10], [a14] for a general theory of Banach lattices.

A Banach function space is said to have the Fatou property if whenever is a norm-bounded sequence in such that , then and .

In recent (1998) years a great deal of research went into the study of rearrangement-invariant function spaces, in particular of Orlicz spaces. General references to this area are e.g. [a7], [a11], [a12]. A Banach function space is said to be rearrangement invariant if whenever , , and and are equi-measurable, then and . Two functions and are called equi-measurable if and have identical distributions, that is,

for all .

In the study of rearrangement-invariant function spaces, the Boyd indices play an important role (see e.g. [a7], [a12], and Boyd index). The Boyd indices and of a rearrangement-invariant function space on or are defined by

where for , denotes the dilation operator, defined by for (where is defined to be zero outside in the former case).

For example, consider the following results, which hold for every separable rearrangement-invariant function space on :

i) has an unconditional basis if and only if and (see, e.g., [a11], [a12]);

ii) if and , then is a primary, i.e., whenever , then at least one of and is isomorphic to (see [a3]).

Rearrangement-invariant function spaces play an important role in the theory of interpolation of operators (see [a4], [a11]). A remarkable result of A.P. Calderón [a5] on the characterization of all interpolation spaces between and asserts that is an interpolation space with respect to the couple (i.e., that every linear operator such that and boundedly, also maps to boundedly) if and only if it has the following property: For every and every , whenever for all , it follows that and for some absolute constant .

Here, denotes the non-increasing rearrangement of , which is defined by

for . In particular, Calderón's result implies that rearrangement-invariant function spaces which have the Fatou property or are separable are interpolation spaces between and .

The Köthe dual space of a Banach function space on is defined to be the space of all for which for each (cf. also Köthe–Toeplitz dual). The space is a Banach function space endowed with the norm

Moreover, isometrically if and only if has the Fatou property.

It is important to describe the relation between the Köthe dual and the usual (topological) dual space of a Banach function space . A linear functional on is said to be order continuous (or integral) if for every sequence in such that almost everywhere. Let be the space all order-continuous functionals. This is a closed and norm-one complemented subspace of . Thus, , where denotes a complement to , called the space of all singular functionals on . The space is always total on (cf. Total set). Furthermore, it is norming, i.e.,

if and only if the norm on is order semi-continuous, i.e., whenever . The mapping that assigns to every the functional on is an order-linear isometry from the Köthe dual space onto . In this way is identified with . In particular, if is an order-continuous Banach function space, then can be identified with (see [a10], [a12], [a14]).

There are many methods of constructing Banach function spaces which are intermediate in some sense between two given Banach function spaces. One such method is the following construction, again due to Calderón [a5]. See also [a13] for the generalized version due to G.A. Lozanovskii. Let and be two Banach function spaces on the same measure space . For each , the lattice is defined to be the space of all such that -almost everywhere for some and . The space is a Banach function space endowed with the norm

The identity for all is an important result proved by Lozanovskii [a13]. Closely related results are the formula , which holds for any Banach function space on , and also the Lozanovskii factorization theorem: For every and there exist and such that and . If has the Fatou property, the theorem is true for as well.

This theorem has proved to be very useful in various applications (see, for example, [a9], [a15]).

Calderón's construction has found many other interesting applications in the study of Banach function spaces. An example is Pisier's theorem [a16], which says that if , then a Banach function space on is -convex and -concave if and only if for some Banach function space on , with . An application of this result and interpolation yields the following (see [a16]): Let be a -convex and -concave Banach function space for some . Then every bounded linear operator from an -space into is -summing with , i.e., if is such that for all , then (cf. also Absolutely summing operator).

For another example see [a6], where the Calderón construction is used to construct a class of super-reflexive and complementably minimal Banach spaces (i.e., such that every infinite-dimensional closed subspace contains a complemented subspace isomorphic to a given space of this class) which are not isomorphic to for any .

One of the most interesting problems in the theory of Banach function spaces is to determine when two Banach function spaces which are isomorphic as Banach spaces are also lattice isomorphic. The first result of this type, due to Y.A. Abramovich and P. Wojtaszczyk [a1] says that has a unique structure as a non-atomic Banach function space (i.e., if is a non-atomic Banach function space isomorphic to , then is lattice isomorphic to ). The general study of possible rearrangement-invariant lattice structures in in Banach function spaces on or was initiated in [a7], where, among other important results, it is shown that any rearrangement-invariant function space on which is isomorphic to , , is equal to up to an equivalent renorming. See also [a8], where important general results on the uniqueness of the structure of Banach function spaces are presented.

References

[a1]	Y.A. Abramovich, P. Wojtaszczyk, "On the uniqueness of order in the spaces and " Mat. Zametki , 18 (1975) pp. 313–325
[a2]	C.D. Aliprantis, O. Burkinshaw, "Positive operators" , Acad. Press (1995)
[a3]	D. Alspach, P. Enflo, E. Odell, "On the structure of separable spaces, " Studia Math. , 60 (1977) pp. 79–90
[a4]	C. Bennett, R. Sharpley, "Interpolation of operators" , Acad. Press (1988)
[a5]	A.P. Calderón, "Intermediate spaces and interpolation, the complex method" Studia Math. , 24 (1964) pp. 113–190
[a6]	P.G. Casazza, N.J. Kalton, D. Kutzarova, M. Mastylo, "Complex interpolation and complementably minimal spaces" N. Kalton (ed.) E. Saab (ed.) S. Montgomery-Smith (ed.) , Interaction between Functional Analysis, Harmonic Analysis, and Probability (Proc. Conf. Univ. Missouri 1994) , Lecture Notes Pure Appl. Math. , 175 , M. Dekker (1996) pp. 135–143
[a7]	W.B. Johnson, B. Maurey, V. Schechtmannn, L. Tzafriri, "Symmetric structures in Banach spaces" Memoirs Amer. Math. Soc. , 217 (1979)
[a8]	N.J. Kalton, "Lattice structures on Banach spaces" Memoirs Amer. Math. Soc. , 493 (1993)
[a9]	N.J. Kalton, "The basic sequence problem" Studia Math. , 116 (1995) pp. 167–187
[a10]	L.V. Kantorovich, G.P. Akilov, "Functional analysis" , Pergamon (1998)
[a11]	S.G. Krein, Yu.I. Petunin, E.M. Semenov, "Interpolation of linear operators" , Amer. Math. Soc. (1982) (In Russian)
[a12]	J. Lindenstrauss, L. Tzafriri, "Classical Banach spaces: Function spaces" , 2 , Springer (1979)
[a13]	G.A. Lozanovskii, "On some Banach lattices" Sib. Math. J. , 10 (1969) pp. 419–430
[a14]	W.A.J. Luxemburg, A.C. Zaanen, "Riesz spaces" , 2 , North-Holland (1983)
[a15]	E. Odell, T. Schlumprecht, "The distortion problem" Acta Math. , 173 (1994) pp. 258–281
[a16]	G. Pisier, "Some applications of the complex interpolation method to Banach lattices" J. Anal. Math. , 35 (1979) pp. 264–281