Arens regularity

A normed algebra $ A $ is said to be Arens regular if the pair of intrinsically defined Arens products (introduced by R. Arens in [a1] and [a2]; cf. Arens multiplication) on the double dual space $ A ^ {* * } $ are identical. Since both Arens products extend the product on $ A $( relative to the natural embedding mapping $ \kappa : A \rightarrow {A ^ {* * } } $), a Banach algebra on a reflexive Banach space (cf. also Reflexive space) is Arens regular. S. Sherman has shown [a10] that the double dual of a $ C ^ {*} $- algebra $ A $ has a natural interpretation as the von Neumann algebra generated by the universal $ * $- representation of $ A $. Hence $ C ^ {*} $- algebras are always Arens regular.

It is easy to show that if $ A ^ {* * } $ is commutative under either Arens product, then $ A $ is Arens regular. The following fundamental result is due to J. Hennefeld [a5], based on work of J.S. Pym [a8] making use of Grothendieck's criterion for weak compactness.

The following conditions are equivalent for a Banach algebra $ A $:

a) $ A $ is Arens regular;

b) for each $ a \in A $ the adjoint $ {L _ {a} ^ {*} } : {A ^ {*} } \rightarrow {A ^ {*} } $ of the left regular representation is weakly compact;

c) for each $ a \in A $ the adjoint $ {R _ {a} ^ {*} } : {A ^ {*} } \rightarrow {A ^ {*} } $ of the right regular representation is weakly compact;

d) for any bounded sequences $ \{ a _ {n} \} _ {n \in \mathbf N } $ and $ \{ b _ {n} \} _ {n \in \mathbf N } $ in $ A $ and any $ \omega \in A ^ {*} $, the iterated limits

$$ {\lim\limits } _ { n } {\lim\limits } _ { m } \omega ( a _ {n} b _ {n} ) , \quad {\lim\limits } _ { m } {\lim\limits } _ { n } \omega ( a _ {n} b _ {n} ) $$

are equal when they both exist.

This theorem easily implies that subalgebras and quotient algebras (with respect to closed ideals) of Arens-regular algebras are Arens regular, as first noted in [a3].

Arens regularity is rare among general Banach algebras. N.J. Young [a11] has shown that for a locally compact group (cf. also Compact group; Locally compact skew-field) $ G $, $ L ^ {1} ( G ) $( or $ M ( G ) $) is Arens regular if and only if $ G $ is finite. P. Civin and B. Yood had proved this for Abelian groups in [a3]. In [a12] it is shown that the measure algebra (cf. Algebra of measures) $ M ( S ) $ of a locally compact semi-group $ S $ in which multiplication is at least singly continuous is Arens regular if and only if $ {\mathcal l} ^ {1} ( S ) $ is. These are, in turn, equivalent to either:

there do not exist sequences $ \{ u _ {n} \} $ and $ \{ v _ {m} \} $ in $ S $ such that the sets $ \{ {u _ {n} v _ {m} } : {m > n } \} $ and $ \{ {u _ {n} v _ {m} } : {m < n } \} $ are disjoint;

the semi-group operation can be extended to the Stone–Čech compactification $ \beta S $ of $ S $ as a discrete space.

In [a13], Young has proved that the algebra $ B _ {A} ( X ) $ of approximable operators (i.e., those uniformly approximable by finite-rank operators) on a Banach space $ X $ is regular if and only if $ X $ is reflexive (cf. Reflexive space). Hence, if the Banach algebra $ B ( X ) $ of all bounded linear operators on a Banach space $ X $ is Arens regular, then $ X $ must be reflexive. He also shows that there are reflexive Banach spaces $ X $ with $ B ( X ) $ not Arens regular.

Á. Rodriguez-Palacios [a9] has shown that any (even non-associative) continuous multiplication on a Banach space $ A $ is Arens regular if and only if every bounded linear mapping from $ A $ into $ A ^ {*} $ is weakly compact (cf. Weak topology). $ C ^ {*} $- algebras satisfy this criterion.

A weaker version of Arens regularity was introduced by M. Grosser [a4]. An approximately unital Banach algebra $ A $ is said to be semi-regular if it satisfies $ R ^ {* * } ( e ) = L ^ {* * } ( e ) $ for all mixed identities $ e $. (An element $ e \in A ^ {* * } $ is called a mixed identity if it is simultaneously a right identity for the first Arens product and a left identity for the second Arens product, see Arens multiplication.) He shows that an Arens-regular algebra is semi-regular and that any commutative approximately unital Banach algebra is semi-regular.

The most comprehensive recent (1996) exposition is [a7], which contains numerous further references.

References

[a1]	R. Arens, "Operations induced in function classes" Monatsh. Math. , 55 (1951) pp. 1–19
[a2]	R. Arens, "The adjoint of a bilinear operation" Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. , 2 (1951) pp. 839–848
[a3]	P. Civin, B. Yood, "The second conjugate space of a Banach algebra as an algebra" Pacific J. Math. , 11 (1961) pp. 847–870
[a4]	M. Grosser, "Arens semiregular Banach algebras" Monatsh. Math. , 98 : 1 (1984) pp. 41–52
[a5]	J.O. Hennefeld, "A note on the Arens products" Pacific J. Math. , 26 (1968) pp. 115–119
[a6]	S. Kaijser, "On Banach modules I" Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. , 90 : 3 (1981) pp. 423–444
[a7]	T.W. Palmer, "Banach algebras and the general theory of -algebras I" , Encycl. Math. Appl. , 49 , Cambridge Univ. Press (1994)
[a8]	J.S. Pym, "The convolution of functionals on spaces of bounded functions" Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) , 15 (1965) pp. 84–104
[a9]	Á. Rodriguez-Palacios, "A note on Arens regularity" Quart. J. Math. Oxford Ser. (2) , 38 : 149 (1987) pp. 1991–1993
[a10]	S. Sherman, "The second adjoint of a -algebra" , Proc. Internat. Congress Math. Cambridge, I (1950) pp. 470
[a11]	N.J. Young, "The irregularity of multiplication in group algebras" Quart. J. Math. Oxford Ser. (2) , 24 (1973) pp. 59–62
[a12]	N.J. Young, "Semigroup algebras having regular multiplication" Studia Math. , 47 (1973) pp. 191–196
[a13]	N.J. Young, "Periodicity of functionals and representations of normed algebras on reflexive spaces" Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. (2) , 20 : 2 (1976–77) pp. 99–120