Difference between revisions of "Littlewood problem"
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The Littlewood problem for integrals has attracted the active interest of many mathematicians over a thirty year span. It was finally settled in the affirmative in 1981 by O.C. McGehee, L. Pigno and B. Smith [[#References|[a1]]], and, independently, by S.V. Konyagin [[#References|[a2]]]. A description of the problem just prior to its solution is given in [[#References|[a3]]], Sect. 1.3. | The Littlewood problem for integrals has attracted the active interest of many mathematicians over a thirty year span. It was finally settled in the affirmative in 1981 by O.C. McGehee, L. Pigno and B. Smith [[#References|[a1]]], and, independently, by S.V. Konyagin [[#References|[a2]]]. A description of the problem just prior to its solution is given in [[#References|[a3]]], Sect. 1.3. | ||
− | For | + | For $N=2n+1$ and $m_k = k$ the left-hand side of \eqref{eq:1} is equal to the [[Lebesgue constants|Lebesgue constant]] $L_N$. As $L_N = (4/\pi^2)\log N + \lambda_N$, where the $\lambda_N$ are bounded and positive, it follows that the constant $C$ cannot be taken larger than $\frac{4}{\pi^2}$. A remaining conjecture is that \eqref{eq:1} holds with $f(n) = (4/\pi^2) \log n$ (for all $n \ge 1$). See [[#References|[a4]]], where \eqref{eq:1} is proved with $f(n) = (4/\pi^3) \log n$. |
====References==== | ====References==== | ||
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> O.C. McGehee, L. Pigno, B. Smith, "Hardy's inequality and the <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/l/l059/l059740/l05974029.png" /> norm for exponential sums" ''Ann. of Math.'' , '''113''' (1981) pp. 613–618</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> S.V. [S.V. Konyagin] Konjagin, "On a problem of Littlewood" ''Math. USSR Izv.'' , '''18''' : 2 (1982) pp. 205–225 ''Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR'' , '''45''' (1981) pp. 243–265</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> C.C. Graham, O.C. McGehee, "Essays in commutative harmonic analysis" , Springer (1979) pp. Chapt. 5</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> J.D. Stegeman, "On the constant in the Littlewood problem" ''Math. Ann.'' , '''261''' (1982) pp. 51–54</TD></TR></table> | <table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> O.C. McGehee, L. Pigno, B. Smith, "Hardy's inequality and the <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/l/l059/l059740/l05974029.png" /> norm for exponential sums" ''Ann. of Math.'' , '''113''' (1981) pp. 613–618</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> S.V. [S.V. Konyagin] Konjagin, "On a problem of Littlewood" ''Math. USSR Izv.'' , '''18''' : 2 (1982) pp. 205–225 ''Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR'' , '''45''' (1981) pp. 243–265</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> C.C. Graham, O.C. McGehee, "Essays in commutative harmonic analysis" , Springer (1979) pp. Chapt. 5</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> J.D. Stegeman, "On the constant in the Littlewood problem" ''Math. Ann.'' , '''261''' (1982) pp. 51–54</TD></TR></table> |
Revision as of 19:23, 12 December 2014
The Littlewood problem for compatible Diophantine approximations is the question of the existence, for any real numbers $\alpha,\,\beta,\,\epsilon>0$, of a natural number $n$ such that $n \cdot \Vert n\alpha \Vert \cdot \Vert n\beta \Vert < \epsilon$, where $\Vert x \Vert$ is the distance from $x$ to the nearest integer. In certain cases, for example for rational $\alpha$ and $\beta$, and for numbers $\alpha$ and $\beta$ one of which can be represented by a continued fraction with non-negative elements, the Littlewood problem has an affirmative answer.
The Littlewood problem for integrals is the problem whether for an arbitrary increasing sequence $M$ of natural numbers $(m_k)$, $k=1,2,\ldots$, one has \begin{equation}\label{eq:1} \int_0^1 \left\vert { \sum_{k=1}^n \exp(2\pi i m_k x) }\right\vert dx > f(n) \end{equation} with $f(n) = C \log n$, where $C > 0$ is an absolute constant and $n > n_0$. The following estimates have been obtained: either weaker estimates in comparison with \eqref{eq:1} for arbitrary sequences $M$, or estimates close to \eqref{eq:1} or even coinciding with this estimate, but for special sequences $M$.
The Littlewood problems were stated by J.E. Littlewood (see [1]).
References
[1] | G.H. Hardy, J.E. Littlewood, "A new proof of a theorem on rearrangements" J. London Math. Soc. , 23 (1948) pp. 163–168 |
[2] | J.W.S. Cassels, "An introduction to the geometry of numbers" , Springer (1959) |
Comments
The Littlewood problem for integrals has attracted the active interest of many mathematicians over a thirty year span. It was finally settled in the affirmative in 1981 by O.C. McGehee, L. Pigno and B. Smith [a1], and, independently, by S.V. Konyagin [a2]. A description of the problem just prior to its solution is given in [a3], Sect. 1.3.
For $N=2n+1$ and $m_k = k$ the left-hand side of \eqref{eq:1} is equal to the Lebesgue constant $L_N$. As $L_N = (4/\pi^2)\log N + \lambda_N$, where the $\lambda_N$ are bounded and positive, it follows that the constant $C$ cannot be taken larger than $\frac{4}{\pi^2}$. A remaining conjecture is that \eqref{eq:1} holds with $f(n) = (4/\pi^2) \log n$ (for all $n \ge 1$). See [a4], where \eqref{eq:1} is proved with $f(n) = (4/\pi^3) \log n$.
References
[a1] | O.C. McGehee, L. Pigno, B. Smith, "Hardy's inequality and the norm for exponential sums" Ann. of Math. , 113 (1981) pp. 613–618 |
[a2] | S.V. [S.V. Konyagin] Konjagin, "On a problem of Littlewood" Math. USSR Izv. , 18 : 2 (1982) pp. 205–225 Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR , 45 (1981) pp. 243–265 |
[a3] | C.C. Graham, O.C. McGehee, "Essays in commutative harmonic analysis" , Springer (1979) pp. Chapt. 5 |
[a4] | J.D. Stegeman, "On the constant in the Littlewood problem" Math. Ann. , 261 (1982) pp. 51–54 |
Littlewood problem. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Littlewood_problem&oldid=35575