Infinite product

An expression of the form $$ \prod_{k=1}^\infty \left({ 1 + u_k }\right) \label{(*)} $$ containing an infinite set of factors, numbers or functions, all of which are non-zero. An infinite product is said to be convergent if there exists a non-zero limit of the sequence of partial products $$ P_n = \prod_{k=1}^n \left({ 1 + u_k }\right) $$ as $n \rightarrow \infty$. The value of the infinite product is the limit $$ P = \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} P_n $$ and one writes $$ \prod_{k=1}^\infty \left({ 1 + u_k }\right) = P \ . $$

An infinite product converges if and only if the series $$ \sum_{k=1}^\infty \log \left({ 1 + u_k }\right) $$ is convergent. Accordingly, the study of the convergence of infinite products is reduced to the study of the convergence of series. The infinite product (*) is said to be absolutely convergent if the infinite product $$ \prod_{k=1}^\infty \left({ 1 + |u_k| }\right) $$ is convergent. A necessary and sufficient condition for absolute convergence of the infinite product (*) is absolute convergence of the series $$ \sum_{k=1}^\infty u_k \ . $$

An infinite product has the rearrangement property (i.e. its value is independent of the order of the factors) if and only if it is absolutely convergent.

The infinite product (*) with factors which are functions $$ \left({ 1 + u_k }\right) = \left({ 1 + u_k(z) }\right) $$ defined, for example, in a domain $D$ of the complex $z$-plane, converges uniformly in $D$ if the sequence of partial products $P_n(z)$ converges uniformly in $D$ to a non-zero limit. A very important case in practical applications is when certain factors have zeros in $D$ such that at most a finite number of the zeros lie in any compact set $K \subseteq D$. The concept of convergence is generalized as follows: The infinite product (*) is said to be (absolutely, uniformly) convergent inside $D$ if for any compact set $K \subseteq D$ there exists a number $N = N(K)$ such that all the factors $\left({ 1 + u_k(z) }\right) \neq 0$ for $k \ge N$, while the sequence of partial products $$ \prod_{k=N}^n \left({ 1 + u_k(z) }\right) $$ converges (absolutely, uniformly) on $K$ to a non-zero limit. If all factors are analytic functions in $D$ and if the infinite product converges uniformly inside $D$, its limit is an analytic function in $D$.

Infinite products were first encountered by F. Viète (1593) in his study of the quadrature of the circle. He represented the number analytically by the following infinite product: $$ \frac{2}{\pi} = \sqrt{ \frac{1}{2} } \cdot \sqrt{ \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{ \frac{1}{2} } } \cdot \sqrt{ \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{ \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{ \frac{1}{2} } } } \cdots \ . $$

Another representation of $\pi$ is due to J. Wallis (1665): $$ \frac{4}{\pi} = \frac32 \cdot \frac34 \cdot \frac54 \cdot \frac56 \cdot \frac 76 \cdot \frac78 \cdots \ . $$

Infinite products with factors that are functions were encountered by L. Euler (1742); an example is $$ \sin z = z \prod_{k=1}^\infty \left({ 1 - \frac{z^2}{k^2\pi^2} }\right) \ . $$

Infinite products are a principal tool in representing analytic functions with explicit indication of their zeros; for entire functions they are the analogue of the factors of polynomials. See also Blaschke product; Weierstrass theorem on infinite products; Canonical product.

References

[1]	V.A. Il'in, E.G. Poznyak, "Fundamentals of mathematical analysis" , 1 , MIR (1982) (Translated from Russian)
[2]	B.V. Shabat, "Introduction of complex analysis" , 1–2 , Moscow (1976) (In Russian)
[3]	A.V. Bitsadze, "Fundamentals of the theory of analytic functions of a complex variable" , Moscow (1969) (In Russian) Zbl 0183.33601

Comments

See also Hadamard theorem on entire functions.

References

[a1]	J.B. Conway, "Functions of one complex variable" , Springer (1984) Zbl 0277.30001
[a2]	A.S.B. Holland, "Introduction to the theory of entire functions" , Acad. Press (1973) Zbl 0278.30001

Comments

It should be noted in the definition above that an infinite product is said to converge if the limit of the sequence of partial products $P_n$ is non-zero. If the limit is zero than the product is said to diverge to zero.

References

[b1]	R.A. Rankin, "An Introduction to Mathematical Analysis", Pergamon Press (1963) Zbl 0112.28103