Kähler manifold
A complex manifold which admits a Kähler metric. Sometimes it is called a manifold of Kähler type, with the term "Kähler manifold" being reserved for manifolds actually equipped with a Kähler metric [1]. Any submanifold of a Kähler manifold is a Kähler manifold. In particular, all projective complex algebraic varieties without singular points are Kähler manifolds, and, moreover, their Kähler metric is induced by the Fubini–Study metric on the complex projective space. Similarly, every submanifold in the affine space (in particular, every Stein manifold) is a Kähler manifold. Other examples of Kähler manifolds are obtained if one considers the quotient space
of a Kähler manifold
by a discrete group
of analytic automorphisms preserving the Kähler metric. In particular, every complex torus is a Kähler manifold. Any one-dimensional complex manifold is Kählerian.
The theory of harmonic forms on a compact Kähler manifold yields the following properties of the de Rham and Dolbeault cohomology groups on
(see [1], [2], and also [5], where these properties were first established for projective algebraic varieties):
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Holomorphic forms on a compact Kähler manifold are closed. In particular,
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where is the space of all holomorphic
-forms on
. If
, the number
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is the genus of as a compact Riemann surface (cf. also Genus of a surface; Riemann surface). The above properties provide the basis for the construction of examples of non-Kähler compact manifolds, the simplest of which is the Hopf surface, which is diffeomorphic to
.
A Kähler manifold is called a Hodge variety if its Kähler metric is a Hodge metric. Any projective algebraic variety without singular points is a Hodge variety relative to the metric induced by the Fubini–Study metric. Conversely, any compact complex manifold
equipped with a Kählerian Hodge metric
can be biholomorphically imbedded in a complex projective space in such a way that the metric induced on
by the Fubini–Study metric may be expressed as
for some natural number
(Kodaira's projective imbedding theorem [1], [3]). Thus, a compact complex manifold
is isomorphic to a projective algebraic variety if and only if it is a Hodge variety. Another form of this criterion: A compact complex manifold
is a projective algebraic variety if and only if it admits a negative vector bundle. Kodaira's theorem can be generalized to complex spaces (see [4], [6]). Compact Kähler manifolds which are not Hodge varieties may be found among the two-dimensional complex tori. For example, this is the case for the torus
, where
is the lattice spanned by the vectors
,
,
,
(see [1], [3]). Another necessary and sufficient condition for an
-dimensional compact Kähler manifold
to be projective is that there exist
algebraically independent meromorphic functions on
[8].
Any non-compact complete Kähler manifold with positive sectional curvature is a Stein manifold. The same is true of any simply-connected complete Kähler manifold of non-positive sectional curvature [7].
References
[1] | R.O. Wells jr., "Differential analysis on complex manifolds" , Springer (1980) |
[2] | A. Weil, "Introduction à l'Aeetude des variétés kahlériennes" , Hermann (1958) |
[3] | S.S. Chern, "Complex manifolds without potential theory" , Springer (1979) |
[4] | R.C. Gunning, H. Rossi, "Analytic functions of several complex variables" , Prentice-Hall (1965) |
[5] | W.V.D. Hodge, "The theory and application of harmonic integrals" , Cambridge Univ. Press (1952) |
[6] | H. Grauert, "Ueber Modifikationen und exzeptionelle analytische Mengen" Math. Ann. , 146 (1962) pp. 331–368 |
[7] | R.E. Greene, H. Wu, "A theorem in complex geometric function theory" , Value-distribution Theory , A , M. Dekker (1974) pp. 145–167 |
[8] | B.G. Moishezon, "On ![]() ![]() |
Comments
A complex compact surface is Kähler if and only if its first Betti number is even.
Let be complex compact manifold of (complex) dimension
. Let
be a Kähler metric on
and
its associated
-form. (If
in local coordinates, then
; giving
amounts to the same thing as giving
.) Denote by
the Ricci curvature tensor of
and let
be the associated
form to
. Then, [a1], the cohomology class of
is
times the first Chern class of
:
.
Now let be a given
form on
such that
. Then the Calabi conjecture [a2], [a3] states that there is precisely one Kähler form
in the same class as
such that
. E. Calabi proved uniqueness.
A related conjecture is: Let be a complex compact manifold which admits a negative first Chern form. Then there exists a unique Kähler form
such that
.
Such a metric is called an Einstein–Kähler metric. (A Riemannian metric is called an Einstein metric if
for some constant
.)
The Calabi conjecture (existence) was proved by S.T. Yau [a4], [a5] and the second conjecture was proved by both T. Aubin and Yau, [a5], [a6].
A Kähler manifold is called a Calabi–Yau manifold if its first Chern class vanishes (so that there exists a Ricci flat on ).
These manifolds are of great current interest in theoretical physics as prime candidates for the "missing six dimensions" for a -dimensional super-string theory; i.e. the carrier space of this
-dimensional space would be
, where
is four-dimensional Minkowski space and
is a six-dimensional ( "small" ) compact Calabi–Yau manifold.
The Calabi–Yau manifolds (with non-vanishing Euler number ( Euler characteristic)) provide the only known "compactifications"
consistent with the super-string equations of motion. A selection of references dealing with these matters is [a8]–[a12].
References
[a1] | S.S. Chern, "Characteristic classes of Hermitian manifolds" Ann. of Math. , 47 (1946) pp. 85–121 |
[a2] | E. Calabi, "The space of Kähler metrics" , Proc. Internat. Congress Mathematicians (Amsterdam, 1954) , 2 , Noordhoff (1954) pp. 206–207 |
[a3] | E. Calabi, "On Kähler manifolds with vanishing canonical class" R.H. Fox (ed.) D.C. Spencer (ed.) A.W. Tucker (ed.) , Algebraic geometry and topology (Symp. in honor of S. Lefschetz) , Princeton Univ. Press (1955) pp. 78–89 |
[a4] | S.-T. Yau, "On Calabi's conjecture and some new results in algebraic geometry" Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA , 74 (1977) pp. 1798–1799 |
[a5] | S.-T. Yau, "On the Ricci curvature of a compact Kähler manifold and the complex Monge–Ampère equation I" Comm. Pure Appl. Math. , 31 (1978) pp. 339–411 |
[a6] | T. Aubin, "Equations du type de Monge–Ampère sur les variétés kähleriennes compactes" C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 283 (1976) pp. 119–121 |
[a7] | J.-P. Bourguignon, "Premières formes de Chern des variétés kähleriennes compactes" , Sem. Bourbaki 1977/1978 , Exp. 507 , Springer (1979) pp. 1–21 |
[a8] | T. Huebsch, "Calabi–Yau manifolds—motivations and constructions" Comm. Math. Phys. , 108 (1987) pp. 291–318 |
[a9] | M.B. Green, J.H. Schwarz, E. Witten, "Superstring theory" , 2. Loop amplitudes, anomalies & phenomenology , Cambridge Univ. Press (1987) pp. 438ff |
[a10] | P. Candelas, G. Horowitz, A. Strominger, E. Witten, "Vacuum configurations for superstrings" Nuclear Physics , B258 (1958) pp. 46–74 |
[a11] | B. de Wit, D.J. Smit, N.D. Hari-Dass, "Residual supersymmetry of compactified ![]() |
[a12] | D. Gepner, "Exactly solvable string compactifications on manifolds of ![]() |
[a13] | "Première classe de Chern et courbure de Ricci: preuve de la conjecture de Calabi" , Sem. Palaiseau 1978 , Soc. Math. France (1978) |
[a14] | Y.-T. Siu, "Lectures on Hermitean–Einstein metrics for stable bundles and Kähler–Einstein metrics" , Birkhäuser (1987) |
Kähler manifold. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=K%C3%A4hler_manifold&oldid=23350