Mixing
A property of a dynamical system (a cascade or a flow (continuous-time dynamical system)
) having a finite invariant measure
, in which for any two measurable subsets
and
of the phase space
, the measure
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or, respectively,
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tends to
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as , or, respectively, as
. If the transformations
and
are invertible, then in the definition of mixing one may replace the pre-images of the original set
with respect to these transformations by the direct images
and
, which are easier to visualize. If a system has the mixing property, one also says that the system is mixing, while in the case of a mixing cascade
, one says that the endomorphism
generating it in the measure space
also is mixing (has the property of mixing).
In ergodic theory, properties related to mixing are considered: multiple mixing and weak mixing (see [1]; in the old literature the latter is often called mixing in the wide sense or simply mixing, while mixing was called mixing in the strong sense). A property intermediate between mixing and weak mixing has also been discussed [2]. All these properties are stronger than ergodicity.
There is an analogue of mixing for systems having an infinite invariant measure [3].
References
[1] | P.R. Halmos, "Lectures on ergodic theory" , Math. Soc. Japan (1956) |
[2] | H. Furstenberg, B. Weiss, "The finite multipliers of infinite ergodic transformations" N.G. Markley (ed.) J.C. Martin (ed.) W. Perrizo (ed.) , The Structure of Attractors in Dynamical Systems , Lect. notes in math. , 668 , Springer (1978) pp. 127–132 |
[3] | U. Krengel, L. Sucheston, "On mixing in infinite measure spaces" Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheor. Verw. Geb. , 13 : 2 (1969) pp. 150–164 |
Comments
For a cascade on a finite measure space
the notion of weak mixing as defined above is equivalent to the property that the cascade generated by
on the measure space
, where
denotes the product measure, is ergodic (cf. Ergodicity; Metric transitivity). See [1].
For topological dynamical systems the notions of strong and weak mixing have been defined as well [a2]. A flow on a topological space is said to be topologically weakly mixing whenever the flow
on
(with the usual product topology) is topologically ergodic; equivalently: whenever for every choice of four non-empty open subsets
(
) of
where exists a
such that
for
. On compact spaces the weakly mixing minimal flows are the minimal flows that have no non-trivial equicontinuous factors; see [a1], p. 133. A flow
on a space
is said to be topologically strongly mixing whenever for every two non-empty open subsets
and
of
there exists a value
such that
for all
. For example, the geodesic flow on a complete two-dimensional Riemannian manifold of constant negative curvature is topologically strongly mixing; see [a3], 13.49. For cascades, the definitions are analogous.
References
[a1] | J. Auslander, "Minimal flows and their extensions" , North-Holland (1988) |
[a2] | H. Furstenberg, "Disjointness in ergodic theory, minimal sets and a problem in diophantine approximations" Math. Systems Th. , 1 (1967) pp. 1–49 |
[a3] | W.H. Gottschalk, G.A. Hedlund, "Topological dynamics" , Amer. Math. Soc. (1955) |
Mixing. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Mixing&oldid=21775