Difference between revisions of "Schubert calculus"
(Importing text file) |
Ulf Rehmann (talk | contribs) m (MR/ZBL numbers added) |
||
Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
====References==== | ====References==== | ||
− | <table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> | + | <table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> I.N. Bernshtein, I.M. Gel'fand, S.I. Gel'fand, "Schubert cells and cohomology of the spaces <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/s/s130/s130080/s13008041.png" />" ''Russian Math. Surveys'' , '''28''' : 3 (1973) pp. 1–26 {{MR|0686277}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> C.I. Byrnes, "Algebraic and geometric aspects of the control of linear systems" C.I. Byrnes (ed.) C.F. Martin (ed.) , ''Geometric Methods in Linear systems Theory'' , Reidel (1980) pp. 85–124 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> M. Chasles, "Construction des coniques qui satisfont à cinque conditions" ''C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris'' , '''58''' (1864) pp. 297–308 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> C. Chevalley, "Sur les décompositions cellulaires des espaces <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/s/s130/s130080/s13008042.png" />" W. Haboush (ed.) , ''Algebraic Groups and their Generalizations: Classical Methods'' , ''Proc. Symp. Pure Math.'' , '''56:1''' , Amer. Math. Soc. (1994) pp. 1–23 {{MR|1278698}} {{ZBL|0824.14042}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a5]</TD> <TD valign="top"> M. Demazure, "Désingularization des variétés de Schubert généralisées" ''Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. (4)'' , '''7''' (1974) pp. 53–88 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a6]</TD> <TD valign="top"> W. Fulton, "Eigenvalues, invariant factors, highest weights, and Schubert calculus" ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' , '''37''' (2000) pp. 209–249 {{MR|1754641}} {{ZBL|0994.15021}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a7]</TD> <TD valign="top"> W. Fulton, "Intersection theory" , ''Ergebn. Math.'' , '''2''' , Springer (1998) (Edition: Second) {{MR|1644323}} {{ZBL|0885.14002}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a8]</TD> <TD valign="top"> B. Huber, F. Sottile, B. Sturmfels, "Numerical Schubert calculus" ''J. Symbolic Comput.'' , '''26''' : 6 (1998) pp. 767–788 {{MR|1662035}} {{ZBL|1064.14508}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a9]</TD> <TD valign="top"> S. Kleiman, "Problem 15: Rigorous foundation of Schubert's enumerative calculus" , ''Mathematical Developments arising from Hilbert Problems'' , ''Proc. Symp. Pure Math.'' , '''28''' , Amer. Math. Soc. (1976) pp. 445–482 {{MR|429938}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a10]</TD> <TD valign="top"> S. Kleiman, "Intersection theory and enumerative geometry: A decade in review" S. Bloch (ed.) , ''Algebraic Geometry (Bowdoin, 1985)'' , ''Proc. Symp. Pure Math.'' , '''46:2''' , Amer. Math. Soc. (1987) pp. 321–370 {{MR|0927987}} {{ZBL|0664.14031}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a11]</TD> <TD valign="top"> D.E. Littlewood, A.R. Richardson, "Group characters and algebra" ''Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London.'' , '''233''' (1934) pp. 99–141 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0009.20203}} {{ZBL|60.0896.01}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a12]</TD> <TD valign="top"> S.L. Kleiman, D. Laksov, "Schubert calculus" ''Amer. Math. Monthly'' , '''79''' (1972) pp. 1061–1082 {{MR|0323796}} {{ZBL|0272.14016}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a13]</TD> <TD valign="top"> H. Schubert, "Kälkul der abzählenden Geometrie" , Springer (1879) (Reprinted (with an introduction by S. Kleiman): 1979) {{MR|0555576}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a14]</TD> <TD valign="top"> H. Schubert, "Anzahl-Bestimmungen für lineare Räume beliebiger Dimension" ''Acta Math.'' , '''8''' (1886) pp. 97–118 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|18.0632.01}} </TD></TR></table> |
Revision as of 14:51, 24 March 2012
Schubert enumerative calculus
A formal calculus of symbols representing geometric conditions used to solve problems in enumerative geometry. This originated in work of M. Chasles [a3] on conics and was systematized and used to great effect by H. Schubert in [a13]. The justification of Schubert's enumerative calculus and the verification of the numbers he obtained was the contents of Hilbert's 15th problem (cf. also Hilbert problems).
Justifying Schubert's enumerative calculus was a major theme of twentieth century algebraic geometry, and intersection theory provides a satisfactory modern framework. Enumerative geometry deals with the second part of Hilbert's problem. See [a7] for a complete reference on intersection theory; for historical surveys and a discussion of enumerative geometry, see [a9], [a10].
The Schubert calculus also refers to mathematics arising from the following class of enumerative geometric problems: Determine the number of linear subspaces of projective space that satisfy incidence conditions imposed by other linear subspaces. For a survey, see [a12]. For example, how many lines in projective -space meet
given lines? These problems are solved by studying both the geometry and the cohomology or Chow rings of Grassmann varieties (cf. also Chow ring; Grassmann manifold). This field of Schubert calculus enjoys important connections not only to algebraic geometry and algebraic topology, but also to algebraic combinatorics, representation theory, differential geometry, linear algebraic groups, and symbolic computation, and has found applications in numerical homotopy continuation [a8], linear algebra [a6] and systems theory [a2].
The Grassmannian of
-dimensional subspaces (
-planes) in
over a field
has distinguished Schubert varieties
![]() |
where is a flag of linear subspaces with
. The Schubert cycle
is the cohomology class Poincaré dual to the fundamental homology cycle of
(cf. also Homology). The basis theorem asserts that the Schubert cycles form a basis of the Chow ring
(when
is the complex number field, these are the integral cohomology groups
) of the Grassmannian with
![]() |
(see also Grassmann manifold). The duality theorem asserts that the basis of Schubert cycles is self-dual under the intersection pairing
![]() |
with dual to
.
Let be a special Schubert cycle (cf. Schubert cycle). Then
![]() |
the sum running over all with
and
. This Pieri formula determines the ring structure of cohomology; an algebraic consequence is the Giambelli formula for expressing an arbitrary Schubert cycle in terms of special Schubert cycles. Define
if
or
, and
. Then Giambelli's formula is
![]() |
These four results enable computation in the Chow ring of the Grassmannian, and the solution of many problems in enumerative geometry. For instance, the number of -planes meeting
general
-planes non-trivially is the coefficient of
in the product
, which is [a14]
![]() |
These four results hold more generally for cohomology rings of flag manifolds ; Schubert cycles form a self-dual basis, the Chevalley formula [a4] determines the ring structure (when
is a Borel subgroup), and the Bernshtein–Gel'fand–Gel'fand formula [a1] and Demazure formula [a5] give the analogue of the Giambelli formula. More explicit Giambelli formulas are provided by Schubert polynomials.
One cornerstone of the Schubert calculus for the Grassmannian is the Littlewood–Richardson rule [a11] for expressing a product of Schubert cycles in terms of the basis of Schubert cycles. (This rule is usually expressed in terms of an alternative indexing of Schubert cycles using partitions. A sequence corresponds to the partition
; cf. Schur functions in algebraic combinatorics.) The analogue of the Littlewood–Richardson rule is not known for most other flag varieties
.
References
[a1] | I.N. Bernshtein, I.M. Gel'fand, S.I. Gel'fand, "Schubert cells and cohomology of the spaces ![]() |
[a2] | C.I. Byrnes, "Algebraic and geometric aspects of the control of linear systems" C.I. Byrnes (ed.) C.F. Martin (ed.) , Geometric Methods in Linear systems Theory , Reidel (1980) pp. 85–124 |
[a3] | M. Chasles, "Construction des coniques qui satisfont à cinque conditions" C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 58 (1864) pp. 297–308 |
[a4] | C. Chevalley, "Sur les décompositions cellulaires des espaces ![]() |
[a5] | M. Demazure, "Désingularization des variétés de Schubert généralisées" Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. (4) , 7 (1974) pp. 53–88 |
[a6] | W. Fulton, "Eigenvalues, invariant factors, highest weights, and Schubert calculus" Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. , 37 (2000) pp. 209–249 MR1754641 Zbl 0994.15021 |
[a7] | W. Fulton, "Intersection theory" , Ergebn. Math. , 2 , Springer (1998) (Edition: Second) MR1644323 Zbl 0885.14002 |
[a8] | B. Huber, F. Sottile, B. Sturmfels, "Numerical Schubert calculus" J. Symbolic Comput. , 26 : 6 (1998) pp. 767–788 MR1662035 Zbl 1064.14508 |
[a9] | S. Kleiman, "Problem 15: Rigorous foundation of Schubert's enumerative calculus" , Mathematical Developments arising from Hilbert Problems , Proc. Symp. Pure Math. , 28 , Amer. Math. Soc. (1976) pp. 445–482 MR429938 |
[a10] | S. Kleiman, "Intersection theory and enumerative geometry: A decade in review" S. Bloch (ed.) , Algebraic Geometry (Bowdoin, 1985) , Proc. Symp. Pure Math. , 46:2 , Amer. Math. Soc. (1987) pp. 321–370 MR0927987 Zbl 0664.14031 |
[a11] | D.E. Littlewood, A.R. Richardson, "Group characters and algebra" Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London. , 233 (1934) pp. 99–141 Zbl 0009.20203 Zbl 60.0896.01 |
[a12] | S.L. Kleiman, D. Laksov, "Schubert calculus" Amer. Math. Monthly , 79 (1972) pp. 1061–1082 MR0323796 Zbl 0272.14016 |
[a13] | H. Schubert, "Kälkul der abzählenden Geometrie" , Springer (1879) (Reprinted (with an introduction by S. Kleiman): 1979) MR0555576 |
[a14] | H. Schubert, "Anzahl-Bestimmungen für lineare Räume beliebiger Dimension" Acta Math. , 8 (1886) pp. 97–118 Zbl 18.0632.01 |
Schubert calculus. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Schubert_calculus&oldid=21928