Artin-Schreier theorem

The Artin–Schreier theorem for extensions $K$ of degree $p$ of a field $F$ of characteristic $p>0$ states that every such Galois extension is of the form $K = F(\alpha)$, where $\alpha$ is the root of a polynomial of the form $X^p - X - a$, an Artin–Schreier polynomial.

The function $A : X \mapsto X^p - X$ is $p$-to-one since $A(x) = A(x+1)$. It is in fact $\mathbf{F}_p$-linear on $F$ as a vector space, with kernel the one-dimensional subspace generated by $1_F$, that is, $\mathbf{F}_p$ itself.

Suppose that $F$ is finite of characteristic $p$. The Frobenius map is an automorphism of $p$ and so its inverse, the $p$-th root map is defined everywhere, and $p$-th roots do not generate any non-trivial extensions.

If $F$ is finite, then $A$ is exactly $p$-to-1 and the image of $A$ is a $\mathbf{F}_p$-subspace of codimension 1. There is always some element $a \in F$ not in the image of $A$, and so the corresponding Artin-Schreier polynomial has no root in $F$: it is an irreducible polynomial and the quotient ring $F[X]/\langle A_\alpha(X) \rangle$ is a field which is a degree $p$ extension of $F$. Since finite fields of the same order are unique up to isomorphism, we may say that this is "the" degree $p$ extension of $F$. As before, both roots of the equation lie in the extension, which is thus a splitting field for the equation and hence a Galois extension: in this case the roots are of the form $\beta,\,\beta+1, \ldots,\beta+(p-1)$.

If $F$ is a function field, these polynomials define Artin–Schreier curves, which in turn give rise to Artin–Schreier codes (cf. Artin–Schreier code).

References

[a1]	S. Lang, "Algebra" , Addison-Wesley (1974)