Difference between revisions of "Massless field"
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A [[Quantum field theory|quantum field theory]] is said to contain massless fields if in the [[Hilbert space|Hilbert space]] generated by repeated application of the quantum fields to the vacuum state there exist subspaces associated with one-particle states of mass zero. | A [[Quantum field theory|quantum field theory]] is said to contain massless fields if in the [[Hilbert space|Hilbert space]] generated by repeated application of the quantum fields to the vacuum state there exist subspaces associated with one-particle states of mass zero. | ||
− | According to the concept of a relativistic particle, introduced by E. Wigner [[#References|[a1]]], the one-particle states associated with a particle of type <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300801.png" /> are given by Hilbert subspaces transforming irreducibly under the [[Unitary representation|unitary representation]] of the covering group of the orthochronous proper Poincaré group (cf. also [[Poincaré group|Poincaré group]]) <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300802.png" />. Here, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300803.png" /> is the eigenvalue of the states in these subspaces with respect to the mass operator <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300804.png" />, where the <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300805.png" /> (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300806.png" /> with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300807.png" /> referring to the | + | According to the concept of a relativistic particle, introduced by E. Wigner [[#References|[a1]]], the one-particle states associated with a particle of type <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300801.png" /> are given by Hilbert subspaces transforming irreducibly under the [[Unitary representation|unitary representation]] of the covering group of the orthochronous proper Poincaré group (cf. also [[Poincaré group|Poincaré group]]) <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300802.png" />. Here, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300803.png" /> is the eigenvalue of the states in these subspaces with respect to the mass operator <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300804.png" />, where the <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300805.png" /> (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300806.png" /> with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300807.png" /> referring to the "time variable" ) are the generators of space-time translations (the four-vector <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300808.png" /> is also called the energy-momentum operator), and one finds that <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m1300809.png" /> is well-defined by the spectral condition that the (joint) spectrum of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008010.png" /> lies in the forward lightcone [[#References|[a2]]]. Furthermore, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008011.png" /> stands for the spin associated with the representation of the little group, i.e. the subgroup in <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008012.png" /> stabilizing a vector <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008013.png" /> in the Minkowski space-time with Minkowski inner product <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008014.png" /> and <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008015.png" />. This representation of the little group is furthermore assumed to be finite dimensional for subspaces associated with one-particle states. |
− | In the massless case <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008016.png" />, the little group stabilizing <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008017.png" /> is <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008018.png" /> and the finite-dimensional representations of this group are characterized by a number <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008019.png" /> called the helicity, which has the physical interpretation of the amount of the internal angular momentum (respectively, | + | In the massless case <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008016.png" />, the little group stabilizing <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008017.png" /> is <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008018.png" /> and the finite-dimensional representations of this group are characterized by a number <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008019.png" /> called the helicity, which has the physical interpretation of the amount of the internal angular momentum (respectively, "spin" ) directed in the flight direction of the particle. The particle type associated with a massless particle is thus denoted by the pair <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008020.png" />. |
Denote the field operators of the theory by <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008021.png" />, with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008022.png" /> from a suitable space of Schwartz test functions (cf. also [[Generalized functions, space of|Generalized functions, space of]]). If these field operators connect the vacuum <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008023.png" /> of the theory with the one-particle states with label <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008024.png" />, i.e. <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008025.png" /> (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008026.png" /> being the projector associated with the one-particle Hilbert space of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008027.png" />-states), one can develop a scattering theory for the quantum field <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008028.png" />, following [[#References|[a3]]], [[#References|[a4]]]: For a test function <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008029.png" />, let <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008030.png" /> with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008031.png" />. Take <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008032.png" />, with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008033.png" /> a positive test function of compact support with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008034.png" /> and set | Denote the field operators of the theory by <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008021.png" />, with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008022.png" /> from a suitable space of Schwartz test functions (cf. also [[Generalized functions, space of|Generalized functions, space of]]). If these field operators connect the vacuum <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008023.png" /> of the theory with the one-particle states with label <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008024.png" />, i.e. <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008025.png" /> (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008026.png" /> being the projector associated with the one-particle Hilbert space of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008027.png" />-states), one can develop a scattering theory for the quantum field <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008028.png" />, following [[#References|[a3]]], [[#References|[a4]]]: For a test function <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008029.png" />, let <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008030.png" /> with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008031.png" />. Take <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008032.png" />, with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008033.png" /> a positive test function of compact support with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008034.png" /> and set | ||
Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
A number of mathematical problems and physical effects arise in the presence of massless fields, as, for example (see the literature for further details): massless fields are intimately connected with long-range forces in elementary particle physics such as e.g. electro-magnetism, see e.g. [[#References|[a5]]]. Among others, this leads to mathematical problems in the theory of superselection sectors associated to the algebra of observables of a quantum field theory involving long-range forces [[#References|[a6]]]. | A number of mathematical problems and physical effects arise in the presence of massless fields, as, for example (see the literature for further details): massless fields are intimately connected with long-range forces in elementary particle physics such as e.g. electro-magnetism, see e.g. [[#References|[a5]]]. Among others, this leads to mathematical problems in the theory of superselection sectors associated to the algebra of observables of a quantum field theory involving long-range forces [[#References|[a6]]]. | ||
− | In the quantum field theory of gauge fields, massless gauge fields are being coupled to Fermionic currents by the Gauss law, which makes it necessary to introduce an indefinite inner product on the state space underlying the quantum field theory and to single out a subspace of | + | In the quantum field theory of gauge fields, massless gauge fields are being coupled to Fermionic currents by the Gauss law, which makes it necessary to introduce an indefinite inner product on the state space underlying the quantum field theory and to single out a subspace of "physical states" with positive norm by a gauge principle [[#References|[a7]]], [[#References|[a8]]], [[#References|[a9]]] (for models partly implementing this, see [[#References|[a10]]], [[#References|[a11]]]). |
− | If massive particles (cf. also [[Massive field|Massive field]]) interact with massless particles, the massive particle can be accompanied by a | + | If massive particles (cf. also [[Massive field|Massive field]]) interact with massless particles, the massive particle can be accompanied by a "cloud" of infinitely many massless particles with finite total energy, which can "smear out" the mass of the massive particle and give rise to the infraparticle problem [[#References|[a12]]], [[#References|[a13]]]. In the perturbation theory of quantum fields this effect is assumed to justify the mass renormalization, cf. [[#References|[a5]]]. Furthermore, mass-zero particles in perturbation theory cause infrared divergences and the problem of summing up Feynman graphs of all orders with "soft" (i.e. low-energy) massless particles [[#References|[a5]]]. |
The occurrence of so-called Goldstone bosons, which are massless particles, is related to symmetry breaking in quantum field theory; for two different aspects of this phenomenon, see e.g. [[#References|[a5]]], Vol. II, [[#References|[a14]]]. | The occurrence of so-called Goldstone bosons, which are massless particles, is related to symmetry breaking in quantum field theory; for two different aspects of this phenomenon, see e.g. [[#References|[a5]]], Vol. II, [[#References|[a14]]]. | ||
====References==== | ====References==== | ||
− | <table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> | + | <table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> E.P. Wigner, "On unitary representations of the inhomogenous Lorentz group" ''Ann. Math.'' , '''40''' (1939) pp. 149</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> R.F. Streater, A.S. Wightman, "PCT spin & statistics and all that<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130080/m13008047.png" />" , Benjamin (1964) {{MR|1884336}} {{MR|1045440}} {{MR|0468904}} {{MR|0161603}} {{ZBL|1026.81027}} {{ZBL|0704.53058}} {{ZBL|0135.44305}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> D. Buchholz, "Collision theory for massless Fermions" ''Commun. Math. Phys.'' , '''42''' (1975) pp. 269 {{MR|0371302}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> D. Buchholz, "Collision theory for massless Bosons" ''Commun. Math. Phys.'' , '''52''' (1977) pp. 147 {{MR|0436824}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a5]</TD> <TD valign="top"> S. Weinberg, "The quantum theory of fields" , '''I–II''' , Cambridge Univ. Press (1995) {{MR|2148468}} {{MR|2148467}} {{MR|2148466}} {{MR|1737296}} {{MR|1411911}} {{MR|1410064}} {{ZBL|1069.81501}} {{ZBL|0949.81001}} {{ZBL|0885.00020}} {{ZBL|0959.81002}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a6]</TD> <TD valign="top"> D. Buchholz, "The physical state space of quantum electrodynamics" ''Commun. Math. Phys.'' , '''85''' (1982) pp. 49 {{MR|0667767}} {{ZBL|0506.46052}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a7]</TD> <TD valign="top"> F. Strocchi, A.S. Wightman, "Proof of the charge superselection rule in local, relativistic quantum field theory" ''J. Math. Phys.'' , '''15''' (1974) pp. 2198 {{MR|0359606}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a8]</TD> <TD valign="top"> F. Strocchi, "Local and covariant gauge quantum field theories, cluster property, superselection rules and the infrared problem" ''Phys. Rev.'' , '''D17''' (1978) pp. 2010 {{MR|0523177}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a9]</TD> <TD valign="top"> G. Morchio, F. Strocchi, "Infrared singularities, vacuum structure and pure phases in local quantum field theory" ''Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré'' , '''B33''' (1980) pp. 251 {{MR|0601840}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a10]</TD> <TD valign="top"> S. Albeverio, H. Gottschalk, J.-L. Wu, "Models of local, relativistic quantum fields with indefinite metric (in all dimensions)" ''Commun. Math. Phys.'' , '''184''' (1997) pp. 509</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a11]</TD> <TD valign="top"> S. Albeverio, H. Gottschalk, J.-L. Wu, "Nontrivial scattering amplitudes for some local, relativistic quantum field models with indefinite metric" ''Phys. Lett.'' , '''B 405''' (1997) pp. 243 {{MR|1461242}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a12]</TD> <TD valign="top"> B. Schroer, "Infrateilchen in der Quantenfeldtheorie" ''Fortschr. Phys.'' , '''173''' (1963) pp. 1527 {{MR|0154600}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a13]</TD> <TD valign="top"> D. Buchholz, "On the manifestation of particles" A.N. Sen (ed.) A. Gersten (ed.) , ''Proc. Beer Sheva Conf. (1993): Math. Phys. Towards the 21st Century'' , Ben Gurion of the Negev Press (1994)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a14]</TD> <TD valign="top"> D. Buchholz, S. Doplicher, R. Longo, J.E. Roberts, "A new look at Goldstone's theorem" ''Rev. Math. Phys., Special Issue'' , '''49''' (1992) {{MR|1199169}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR></table> |
Revision as of 16:59, 15 April 2012
A quantum field theory is said to contain massless fields if in the Hilbert space generated by repeated application of the quantum fields to the vacuum state there exist subspaces associated with one-particle states of mass zero.
According to the concept of a relativistic particle, introduced by E. Wigner [a1], the one-particle states associated with a particle of type are given by Hilbert subspaces transforming irreducibly under the unitary representation of the covering group of the orthochronous proper Poincaré group (cf. also Poincaré group)
. Here,
is the eigenvalue of the states in these subspaces with respect to the mass operator
, where the
(
with
referring to the "time variable" ) are the generators of space-time translations (the four-vector
is also called the energy-momentum operator), and one finds that
is well-defined by the spectral condition that the (joint) spectrum of
lies in the forward lightcone [a2]. Furthermore,
stands for the spin associated with the representation of the little group, i.e. the subgroup in
stabilizing a vector
in the Minkowski space-time with Minkowski inner product
and
. This representation of the little group is furthermore assumed to be finite dimensional for subspaces associated with one-particle states.
In the massless case , the little group stabilizing
is
and the finite-dimensional representations of this group are characterized by a number
called the helicity, which has the physical interpretation of the amount of the internal angular momentum (respectively, "spin" ) directed in the flight direction of the particle. The particle type associated with a massless particle is thus denoted by the pair
.
Denote the field operators of the theory by , with
from a suitable space of Schwartz test functions (cf. also Generalized functions, space of). If these field operators connect the vacuum
of the theory with the one-particle states with label
, i.e.
(
being the projector associated with the one-particle Hilbert space of
-states), one can develop a scattering theory for the quantum field
, following [a3], [a4]: For a test function
, let
with
. Take
, with
a positive test function of compact support with
and set
![]() |
where is the unit sphere in
and
means integration over all unit vectors
in
.
Then it was shown in the above-mentioned references (in the axiomatic framework described in [a2], [a3], [a4]), using the Reeh–Schlieder theorem [a2] together with a kind of Huygens principle and locality, that the ( "adiabatic" ) limit can be defined on a suitable dense domain. The quantum fields
are by definition the free asymptotic quantum fields associated to the field
. Repeated application of the field operators
to the vacuum
generates the incoming and outgoing multiple particle states of particle type
, which define in- and out-Fock spaces (cf. also Fock space). The scalar product of states from the in-Fock space with states from the out-Fock space define the scattering matrix for scattering processes, which only involve massless incoming and outgoing particles.
A number of mathematical problems and physical effects arise in the presence of massless fields, as, for example (see the literature for further details): massless fields are intimately connected with long-range forces in elementary particle physics such as e.g. electro-magnetism, see e.g. [a5]. Among others, this leads to mathematical problems in the theory of superselection sectors associated to the algebra of observables of a quantum field theory involving long-range forces [a6].
In the quantum field theory of gauge fields, massless gauge fields are being coupled to Fermionic currents by the Gauss law, which makes it necessary to introduce an indefinite inner product on the state space underlying the quantum field theory and to single out a subspace of "physical states" with positive norm by a gauge principle [a7], [a8], [a9] (for models partly implementing this, see [a10], [a11]).
If massive particles (cf. also Massive field) interact with massless particles, the massive particle can be accompanied by a "cloud" of infinitely many massless particles with finite total energy, which can "smear out" the mass of the massive particle and give rise to the infraparticle problem [a12], [a13]. In the perturbation theory of quantum fields this effect is assumed to justify the mass renormalization, cf. [a5]. Furthermore, mass-zero particles in perturbation theory cause infrared divergences and the problem of summing up Feynman graphs of all orders with "soft" (i.e. low-energy) massless particles [a5].
The occurrence of so-called Goldstone bosons, which are massless particles, is related to symmetry breaking in quantum field theory; for two different aspects of this phenomenon, see e.g. [a5], Vol. II, [a14].
References
[a1] | E.P. Wigner, "On unitary representations of the inhomogenous Lorentz group" Ann. Math. , 40 (1939) pp. 149 |
[a2] | R.F. Streater, A.S. Wightman, "PCT spin & statistics and all that![]() |
[a3] | D. Buchholz, "Collision theory for massless Fermions" Commun. Math. Phys. , 42 (1975) pp. 269 MR0371302 |
[a4] | D. Buchholz, "Collision theory for massless Bosons" Commun. Math. Phys. , 52 (1977) pp. 147 MR0436824 |
[a5] | S. Weinberg, "The quantum theory of fields" , I–II , Cambridge Univ. Press (1995) MR2148468 MR2148467 MR2148466 MR1737296 MR1411911 MR1410064 Zbl 1069.81501 Zbl 0949.81001 Zbl 0885.00020 Zbl 0959.81002 |
[a6] | D. Buchholz, "The physical state space of quantum electrodynamics" Commun. Math. Phys. , 85 (1982) pp. 49 MR0667767 Zbl 0506.46052 |
[a7] | F. Strocchi, A.S. Wightman, "Proof of the charge superselection rule in local, relativistic quantum field theory" J. Math. Phys. , 15 (1974) pp. 2198 MR0359606 |
[a8] | F. Strocchi, "Local and covariant gauge quantum field theories, cluster property, superselection rules and the infrared problem" Phys. Rev. , D17 (1978) pp. 2010 MR0523177 |
[a9] | G. Morchio, F. Strocchi, "Infrared singularities, vacuum structure and pure phases in local quantum field theory" Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré , B33 (1980) pp. 251 MR0601840 |
[a10] | S. Albeverio, H. Gottschalk, J.-L. Wu, "Models of local, relativistic quantum fields with indefinite metric (in all dimensions)" Commun. Math. Phys. , 184 (1997) pp. 509 |
[a11] | S. Albeverio, H. Gottschalk, J.-L. Wu, "Nontrivial scattering amplitudes for some local, relativistic quantum field models with indefinite metric" Phys. Lett. , B 405 (1997) pp. 243 MR1461242 |
[a12] | B. Schroer, "Infrateilchen in der Quantenfeldtheorie" Fortschr. Phys. , 173 (1963) pp. 1527 MR0154600 |
[a13] | D. Buchholz, "On the manifestation of particles" A.N. Sen (ed.) A. Gersten (ed.) , Proc. Beer Sheva Conf. (1993): Math. Phys. Towards the 21st Century , Ben Gurion of the Negev Press (1994) |
[a14] | D. Buchholz, S. Doplicher, R. Longo, J.E. Roberts, "A new look at Goldstone's theorem" Rev. Math. Phys., Special Issue , 49 (1992) MR1199169 |
Massless field. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Massless_field&oldid=16672