Difference between revisions of "Law of inertia"
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====References==== | ====References==== | ||
− | <table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> | + | <table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> N. Bourbaki, "Elements of mathematics. Algebra: Modules. Rings. Forms" , '''2''' , Addison-Wesley (1975) pp. Chapt.4;5;6 (Translated from French) {{MR|2333539}} {{MR|2327161}} {{MR|2325344}} {{MR|2284892}} {{MR|2272929}} {{MR|0928386}} {{MR|0896478}} {{MR|0782297}} {{MR|0782296}} {{MR|0722608}} {{MR|0682756}} {{MR|0643362}} {{MR|0647314}} {{MR|0610795}} {{MR|0583191}} {{MR|0354207}} {{MR|0360549}} {{MR|0237342}} {{MR|0205211}} {{MR|0205210}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> S. Lang, "Algebra" , Addison-Wesley (1974) {{MR|0783636}} {{ZBL|0712.00001}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> E. Artin, "Geometric algebra" , Interscience (1957) {{MR|1529733}} {{MR|0082463}} {{ZBL|0077.02101}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> J. Milnor, D. Husemoller, "Symmetric bilinear forms" , Springer (1973) {{MR|0506372}} {{ZBL|0292.10016}} </TD></TR></table> |
Revision as of 17:33, 31 March 2012
for quadratic forms
The theorem stating that for any way of reducing a quadratic form (cf. also Quadratic forms, reduction of)
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with real coefficients to a sum of squares
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by a linear change of variables
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where is a non-singular matrix with real coefficients, the number
(respectively,
) of indices
for which
(or
) is fixed. In its classical form, the law of inertia was established by J.J. Sylvester. This statement is sometimes called Sylvester's theorem.
In its modern form, the law of inertia is the following statement concerning properties of symmetric bilinear forms over ordered fields. Let be a finite-dimensional vector space over an ordered field
, endowed with a non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form
. Then there exists an integer
such that for any orthogonal basis
in
with respect to
there exist among the
elements
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exactly positive and exactly
negative ones. The pair
is called the signature of
, and the number
its index of inertia. Two equivalent forms have the same signature. If
is a Euclidean field, equality of signatures is a sufficient condition for the equivalence of bilinear forms. If the index of inertia
, the form is called positive definite, and for
, negative definite. These cases are characterized by the property that
(respectively,
) for any non-zero
. It follows from the law of inertia that
is an orthogonal direct sum (with respect to
) of subspaces,
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such that the restriction of to
is positive definite while the restriction of
to
is negative definite and
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(so that the dimensions of and
do not depend on the decomposition).
Sometimes the signature of is taken to be the difference
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If two forms and
determine the same element of the Witt ring
of the field
, then
. Furthermore,
and
for any non-degenerate forms
and
, and
, so that the mapping
defines a homomorphism from
into the ring of integers
. If
is a Euclidean field, then this homomorphism is an isomorphism.
The law of inertia can be generalized to the case of a Hermitian bilinear form over a maximal ordered field , over a quadratic extension of
or over the skew-field of quaternions over
(see [1], [4]).
References
[1] | N. Bourbaki, "Elements of mathematics. Algebra: Modules. Rings. Forms" , 2 , Addison-Wesley (1975) pp. Chapt.4;5;6 (Translated from French) MR2333539 MR2327161 MR2325344 MR2284892 MR2272929 MR0928386 MR0896478 MR0782297 MR0782296 MR0722608 MR0682756 MR0643362 MR0647314 MR0610795 MR0583191 MR0354207 MR0360549 MR0237342 MR0205211 MR0205210 |
[2] | S. Lang, "Algebra" , Addison-Wesley (1974) MR0783636 Zbl 0712.00001 |
[3] | E. Artin, "Geometric algebra" , Interscience (1957) MR1529733 MR0082463 Zbl 0077.02101 |
[4] | J. Milnor, D. Husemoller, "Symmetric bilinear forms" , Springer (1973) MR0506372 Zbl 0292.10016 |
Comments
The name index is also used for .
Law of inertia. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Law_of_inertia&oldid=12928