View source for Mori theory of extremal rays

<!--This article has been texified automatically. Since there was no Nroff source code for this article, 
the semi-automatic procedure described at https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/User:Maximilian_Janisch/latexlist
was used.
If the TeX and formula formatting is correct and if all png images have been replaced by TeX code, please remove this message and the {{TEX|semi-auto}} category.

Out of 155 formulas, 154 were replaced by TEX code.-->

{{TEX|semi-auto}}{{TEX|part}}
Let $f : X \rightarrow S$ be a projective morphism of algebraic varieties over a field $k$ of characteristic $0$ (cf. also [[Algebraic variety|Algebraic variety]]). A relative $\mathbf{R}$-$1$-cycle is a formal linear combination $Z = \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { t } r _ { j } C _ { j }$ of a finite number of curves $C_{j}$ (reduced irreducible $1$-dimensional closed subschemes) on $X$ with real number coefficients $r _ { j }$ such that $f ( C _ { j } )$ are points on $S$. (If $S = \operatorname{Spec} k$, then the word "relative" is dropped.) Two relative $\mathbf{R}$-$1$-cycles $Z _ { 1 }$ and $Z_2$ are said to be numerically equivalent if their intersection numbers are equal, $( D . Z _ { 1 } ) = ( D . Z _ { 2 } ) \in \bf R$ for any Cartier divisor $D$ on $X$ (cf. also [[Divisor|Divisor]]; [[Intersection index (in algebraic geometry)|Intersection index (in algebraic geometry)]]). The set $N _ { 1 } ( X / S )$ of all the equivalence classes of relative $\mathbf{R}$-$1$-cycles with respect to the numerical equivalence becomes a finite-dimensional real [[Vector space|vector space]]. The closed cone of curves (the Kleiman–Mori cone) $\overline { N E } ( X / S )$ is defined to be the closed convex cone in $N _ { 1 } ( X / S )$ generated by the classes of curves on $X$ which are mapped to points on $S$ by $f$. A half-line $R = {\bf R} _ { \geq 0 } v \subset \overline { N E } ( X / S )$ is called an extremal ray if the inequality $( ( K_{X} + B ) \cdot v ) < 0$ holds and if the equality $v = v _ { 1 } + v _ { 2 }$ for $v _ { 1 } , v _ { 2 } \in \overline { NE } ( X / S )$ implies $v _ { 1 } , v _ { 2 } \in R$.

===Cone theorem.===
Let $X$ be a normal algebraic variety and $B$ an effective $\mathbf{Q}$-divisor such that the pair $( X , B )$ is weakly log terminal (cf. [[Kawamata rationality theorem|Kawamata rationality theorem]]). Let $f : X \rightarrow S$ be a projective morphism to another algebraic variety. Then there exist at most countably many extremal rays $R _ { j } = {\bf R} _ { \geq 0 } v_j$ ($j \in J$) satisfying the following conditions:

For any $v \in \overline { N E } ( X / S )$, there exist an element $v ^ { \prime } \in \overline { N E } ( X / S )$ and numbers $r _ { j } \in {\bf R} _ { \geq 0 }$, which are zero except for finitely many $j$, such that $( ( K _ { X } + B ) \cdot v ^ { \prime } ) \geq 0$ and $v = v ^ { \prime } + \sum_j r_j v_j$.

(discreteness) For any closed convex cone $\Sigma$ in $N _ { 1 } ( X / S )$ such that $( ( K_{X} + B ) \cdot v ) < 0$ for any $v \in \Sigma \backslash \{ 0 \}$, there exist only finitely many $j \in J$ such that $v _ { j } \in \Sigma$.

===Contraction theorem.===
Let $R$ be an extremal ray as above. Then there exists a morphism $\phi : X \rightarrow Y$, called a contraction morphism, to a normal algebraic variety $Y$ with a morphism $g : Y \rightarrow S$ which is characterized by the following properties:

$g \circ \phi = f$;

$\phi_{*} {\cal O} _ { X } = {\cal O} _ { Y }$;

any curve $C$ which is mapped to a point by $f$ is mapped to a point by $\phi$ if and only if its numerical class belongs to $R$.

Two methods of proofs for the cone theorem are known. The first one [[#References|[a6]]] uses a deformation theory of morphisms over a field of positive characteristic and applies only in the case where $X$ is smooth. It is important to note that this is the only known method in mathematics to prove the existence of rational curves (as of 2000). The second approach [[#References|[a2]]] uses a vanishing theorem of cohomology groups (cf. [[Kawamata–Viehweg vanishing theorem|Kawamata–Viehweg vanishing theorem]]) which is true only in characteristic $0$. This method of proof, which is obtained via a rationality theorem (cf. [[Kawamata rationality theorem|Kawamata rationality theorem]]), applies also to singular varieties and easily extends to the logarithmic version as explained above. The contraction theorem has been proved only by a characteristic-$0$ method (cf. [[#References|[a1]]]).

In the following it is also assumed that the variety $X$ is $\mathbf{Q}$-factorial, that is, for any prime divisor $D$ on $X$ there exists a positive integer $m$, depending on $D$, such that $m D$ is a Cartier divisor. Then the contraction morphism $\phi$ is of one of the following types:

(Fano–Mori fibre space) <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m130/m130230/m13023079.png"/>.

(divisorial contraction) There exists a prime divisor $E$ of $X$ such that $\operatorname{codim}\phi ( E ) \geq 2$ and $\phi$ induces an isomorphism $X\backslash E \rightarrow Y \backslash \phi ( E )$.

(small contraction) $\phi$ is an isomorphism in codimension $1$, in the sense that there exists a closed subset $E$ of codimension $\geq 2$ of $X$ such that $\phi$ induces an isomorphism $X\backslash E \rightarrow Y \backslash \phi ( E )$.

===Flip conjectures.===
The first flip conjecture is as follows: Let $\phi : X \rightarrow Y$ be a small contraction. Then there exists a birational morphism from a $\mathbf{Q}$-factorial normal algebraic variety $\phi ^ { + } : X ^ { + } \rightarrow Y$ which is again an isomorphism in codimension $1$ and is such that the pair $( X ^ { + } , B ^ { + } )$ with $B ^ { + } = ( \phi _ { * } ^ { + } ) ^ { - 1 } \phi_{ *} B$ is weakly log terminal and $K _ { X ^{+}} + B ^ { + }$ is a $\phi ^ { + }$-ample $\mathbf{Q}$-divisor (cf. also [[Divisor|Divisor]]). The diagram $X \rightarrow Y \leftarrow X ^ { + }$ is called a flip (or log flip). Note that $- ( K _ { X } + B )$ is $\phi$-ample.

The second flip conjecture states that there does not exist an infinite sequence of consecutive flips.

There is no small contraction if $\operatorname{dim} X \leq 2$. The flip conjectures have been proved for $\operatorname { dim } X = 3$ (see [[#References|[a3]]], [[#References|[a4]]] for the first flip conjecture, and [[#References|[a5]]], [[#References|[a7]]] for the second). The proofs depend on the classification of singularities and it is hard to extend them to a higher-dimensional case.

===Minimal model program (MMP).===
Fix a base variety $S$ and consider a [[Category|category]] whose objects are a pair $( X , B )$ and a projective morphism $f : X \rightarrow S$ such that $X$ is a $\mathbf{Q}$-factorial normal algebraic variety and $B$ is a $\mathbf{Q}$-divisor such that $( X , B )$ is weakly log terminal. A morphism from $( ( X , B ) , f )$ to $( ( X ^ { \prime } , B ^ { \prime } ) , f ^ { \prime } )$ in this category is a [[Birational mapping|birational mapping]] $\alpha : X _ { .. } \rightarrow X ^ { \prime }$ which is surjective in codimension $1$, in the sense that any prime divisor on $X ^ { \prime }$ is the image of a prime divisor on $X$, and such that $B ^ { \prime } = \alpha_{*} B$ and $f ^ { \prime } \circ \alpha = f$. The minimal model program is a program which works under the assumption that the flip conjectures hold. It starts from an arbitrary object $( ( X , B ) , f )$ and constructs a morphism to another object $( ( X ^ { \prime } , B ^ { \prime } ) , f ^ { \prime } )$ such that one of the following holds:

$X ^ { \prime }$ has a Fano–Mori fibre space structure $\phi : X ^ { \prime } \rightarrow Y$ over $S$.

$X ^ { \prime }$ is minimal over $S$ in the sense that $K _ { X ^ { \prime } } + B ^ { \prime }$ is $f ^ { \prime }$-nef, i.e., an inequality $( ( K _ { X ^ { \prime } } + B ^ { \prime } ) . C ) \geq 0$ holds for any curve $C$ on $X ^ { \prime }$ such that $f ( C )$ is a point on $S$. Construct objects $( ( X _ { n } , B _ { n } ) , f _ { n } )$ inductively as follows. Set $( ( X _ { 0 } , B _ { 0 } ) , f _ { 0 } ) = ( ( X , B ) , f )$. Suppose that $( ( X _ { n } , B _ { n } ) , f _ { n } )$ has already been constructed. If $K _ { X _ { n } } + B _ { n }$ is $f _ { n }$-nef, then a minimal model is obtained. If not, then, by the cone theorem, there exists an extremal ray and one obtains a contraction morphism $\phi : X _ { n } \rightarrow Y$ by the contraction theorem. If $\operatorname { dim } Y < \operatorname { dim } X _ { n }$, then a Fano–Mori fibre space is obtained. If $\phi$ is a divisorial contraction, then one sets $( ( X _ { n  + 1} , B _ { n  + 1} ) , f _ { n + 1 } ) = ( ( Y , \phi_{ * } B _ { n } ) , f _ { n } \circ \phi ^ { - 1 } )$. If $\phi$ is a small contraction and if the first flip conjecture is true, then take the flip $\phi ^ { + } : X _ { n } ^ { + } \rightarrow Y$ and set $( ( X _ { n + 1 }  , B _ { n + 1 } ) , f _ { n + 1 } ) = ( ( X _ { n } ^ { + } , ( \phi _ { * } ^ { + } ) ^ { - 1 } \phi _ { * } B _ { n } ) , f _ { n } \circ \phi ^ { - 1 } \circ \phi ^ { + } )$. If the second flip conjecture is true, then this process stops after a finite number of steps.

A normal algebraic variety $X$ is said to be terminal, or it is said that $X$ has only terminal singularities, if the following conditions are satisfied:

1) The canonical divisor $K _ { X }$ is a $\mathbf{Q}$-Cartier divisor.

2) There exists a projective birational morphism $\mu : Y \rightarrow X$ from a smooth variety with a normal crossing divisor $D = \sum _ { k = 1 } ^ { s } D _ { k }$ such that one can write $\mu ^ { * } K _ { X } = K _ { Y } + \sum _ { k } d _ { k } D _ { k }$ with $d _ { k } < 0$ for all $k$.

As a special case of the minimal model program, if one assumes that $X$ has only terminal singularities and $B = 0$, then any subsequent pair satisfies the same condition that $X_n$ has only terminal singularities and $B _ { n } = 0$. This is the "non-log" version.

It is expected that the minimal model program works also over a field of arbitrary characteristic, although the cone and contraction theorems are conjectural in general.

====References====
<table>
<tr><td valign="top">[a1]</td> <td valign="top"> Y. Kawamata, K. Matsuda, K. Matsuki, "Introduction to the minimal model problem" ''Adv. Stud. Pure Math.'' , '''10''' (1987) pp. 283–360 {{MR|0946243}} {{ZBL|0672.14006}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a2]</td> <td valign="top"> Y. Kawamata, "The cone of curves of algebraic varieties" ''Ann. of Math.'' , '''119''' (1984) pp. 603–633 {{MR|0750714}} {{MR|0744865}} {{ZBL|0544.14009}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a3]</td> <td valign="top"> S. Mori, "Flip theorem and the existence of minimal models for 3-folds" ''J. Amer. Math. Soc.'' , '''1''' (1988) pp. 117–253 {{MR|0924704}} {{ZBL|0649.14023}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a4]</td> <td valign="top"> V. Shokurov, "3-fold log flips" ''Izv. Russian Akad. Nauk.'' , '''56''' (1992) pp. 105–203 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0785.14023}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a5]</td> <td valign="top"> V. Shokurov, "The nonvanishing theorem" ''Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR'' , '''49''' (1985) pp. 635–651 {{MR|794958}} {{ZBL|}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a6]</td> <td valign="top"> S. Mori, "Threefolds whose canonical bundles are not numerically effective" ''Ann. of Math.'' , '''116''' (1982) pp. 133–176 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0557.14021}} {{ZBL|0493.14020}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a7]</td> <td valign="top"> Y. Kawamata, "Termination of log-flips for algebraic 3-folds" ''Internat. J. Math.'' , '''3''' (1992) pp. 653–659 {{MR|1189678}} {{ZBL|0814.14016}} </td></tr>
</table>