Integrals in involution
Solutions of differential equations whose Jacobi brackets vanish identically. A function $G(x,u,p)$ of $2n+1$ variables $x=(x_1,\dots,x_n)$, $u$, $p=(p_1,\dots,p_n)$ is a first integral of the first-order partial differential equation
$$F(x,u,p)=0,\label{1}\tag{1}$$
$$u=u(x_1,\dots,x_n),\quad p_i=\frac{\partial u}{\partial x_i},\quad1\leq i\leq n,$$
if it is constant along each characteristic of this equation. Two first integrals $G(x,u,p)$, $i=1,2$, are in involution if their Jacobi brackets vanish identically in $(x,u,p)$:
$$[G_1,G_2]=0.\label{2}\tag{2}$$
More generally, two functions $G_1,G_2$ are in involution if condition \eqref{2} holds. Any first integral $G$ of equation \eqref{1} is in involution with $F$; the last function itself is a first integral.
These definitions can be extended to a system of equations
$$F_i(x,u,p)=0,\quad1\leq i\leq m.\label{3}\tag{3}$$
Here the first integral of this system $G(x,u,p)$ can be regarded as a solution of the system of linear equations
$$[F_i,G]=0,\quad1\leq i\leq m,\label{4}\tag{4}$$
with unknown function $G$.
If \eqref{3} is an involutional system, then \eqref{4} is a complete system. It is in involution if the functions $F_i$ in \eqref{3} do not depend on $u$.
References
[1] | N.M. Gyunter, "Integrating first-order partial differential equations" , Leningrad-Moscow (1934) (In Russian) |
[2] | E. Kamke, "Differentialgleichungen: Lösungen und Lösungsmethoden" , 2. Partielle Differentialgleichungen erster Ordnung für die gesuchte Funktion , Akad. Verlagsgesell. (1944) |
Comments
For additional references see Complete system. An involutional system is usually called a system in involution.
Integrals in involution. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Integrals_in_involution&oldid=55667