Difference between revisions of "Weierstrass criterion (for uniform convergence)"
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− | A theorem which gives sufficient conditions for the [[ | + | A theorem which gives sufficient conditions for the [[uniform convergence]] of a [[series]] or sequence of functions by comparing them with appropriate series and sequences of numbers; established by K. Weierstrass . If, for the series |
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− | \sum _ { n= } | + | \sum _ { n= 1} ^ \infty u _ {n} ( x) |
− | u _ {n} ( x) | ||
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− | \sum _ { n= } | + | \sum _ { n= 1} ^ \infty a _ {n} $$ |
such that | such that | ||
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− | then the initial series converges uniformly and absolutely on the set $ E $( | + | then the initial series converges uniformly and absolutely on the set $ E $ |
− | cf. [[ | + | (cf. [[Absolutely convergent series]]). For instance, the series |
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− | \sum _ { n= } | + | \sum _ { n= 1} ^ \infty |
\frac{\sin nx }{n ^ {2} } | \frac{\sin nx }{n ^ {2} } | ||
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− | \sum _ { n= } | + | \sum _ { n= 1} ^ \infty \frac{1}{n ^ {2} } |
− | \frac{1}{n ^ {2} } | ||
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is convergent. | is convergent. | ||
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− | f _ {n} ( x) = 1 - | + | f _ {n} ( x) = 1 - \frac{(- 1) ^ {n} }{x ^ {2} + n } |
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− | \frac{(- 1) ^ {n} }{x ^ {2} + n } | ||
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Latest revision as of 20:50, 19 December 2020
A theorem which gives sufficient conditions for the uniform convergence of a series or sequence of functions by comparing them with appropriate series and sequences of numbers; established by K. Weierstrass . If, for the series
$$ \sum _ { n= 1} ^ \infty u _ {n} ( x) $$
of real- or complex-valued functions defined on some set $ E $ there exists a convergent series of non-negative numbers
$$ \sum _ { n= 1} ^ \infty a _ {n} $$
such that
$$ | u _ {n} ( x) | \leq a _ {n} ,\ \ n = 1, 2 \dots $$
then the initial series converges uniformly and absolutely on the set $ E $ (cf. Absolutely convergent series). For instance, the series
$$ \sum _ { n= 1} ^ \infty \frac{\sin nx }{n ^ {2} } $$
converges uniformly and absolutely on the entire real axis, since
$$ \left | \frac{\sin nx }{n ^ {2} } \right | \leq \frac{1}{n ^ {2} } $$
and the series
$$ \sum _ { n= 1} ^ \infty \frac{1}{n ^ {2} } $$ is convergent.
If, for a sequence of real- or complex-valued functions $ {f _ {n} } $, $ n = 1, 2 \dots $ which converges to a function $ f $ on a set $ E $ there exists a sequence of numbers $ \alpha _ {n} $, $ \alpha _ {n} > 0 $ and $ \alpha _ {n} \rightarrow 0 $ as $ n \rightarrow \infty $, such that $ | f( x) - {f _ {n} } ( x) | \leq \alpha _ {n} $, $ x \in E $, $ n = 1, 2 \dots $ then the sequence converges uniformly on $ E $. For instance, the sequence
$$ f _ {n} ( x) = 1 - \frac{(- 1) ^ {n} }{x ^ {2} + n } $$
converges uniformly to the function $ f( x) = 1 $ on the entire real axis, since
$$ | 1- f _ {n} ( x) | < \frac{1}{n} \ \textrm{ and } \ \lim\limits _ {n \rightarrow \infty } \ \frac{1}{n} = 0 . $$
The Weierstrass criterion for uniform convergence may also be applied to functions with values in normed linear spaces.
References
[1a] | K. Weierstrass, "Abhandlungen aus der Funktionenlehre" , Springer (1866) |
[1b] | K. Weierstrass, "Math. Werke" , 1–7 , G. Olms & Johnson, reprint (1927) |
Comments
References
[a1] | T.M. Apostol, "Mathematical analysis" , Addison-Wesley (1974) |
[a2] | K. Knopp, "Theorie und Anwendung der unendlichen Reihen" , Springer (1964) (English translation: Blackie, 1951 & Dover, reprint, 1990) |
[a3] | W. Rudin, "Real and complex analysis" , McGraw-Hill (1974) pp. 24 |
Weierstrass criterion (for uniform convergence). Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Weierstrass_criterion_(for_uniform_convergence)&oldid=49190