Difference between revisions of "Law of the iterated logarithm"
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A limit theorem in probability theory which is a refinement of the [[Strong law of large numbers|strong law of large numbers]]. Let <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/l/l057/l057740/l0577401.png" /> be a sequence of random variables and let | A limit theorem in probability theory which is a refinement of the [[Strong law of large numbers|strong law of large numbers]]. Let <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/l/l057/l057740/l0577401.png" /> be a sequence of random variables and let | ||
Revision as of 16:02, 4 March 2012
2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 60F10 Secondary: 60F15 [MSN][ZBL]
A limit theorem in probability theory which is a refinement of the strong law of large numbers. Let be a sequence of random variables and let
For simplicity one assumes that has zero median for each . While the theorem on the strong law of large numbers deals with conditions under which almost surely () for , where is a sequence of numbers, the theorem on the law of the iterated logarithm deals with sequences of numbers such that
(1) |
or
(2) |
Relation (1) is equivalent to
and
for any , where denotes infinitely often.
Relations of the form of (1) and (2) hold under more restrictive conditions than the estimates implied by the strong law of large numbers. If is a sequence of independent random variables having identical distributions with mathematical expectations equal to zero, then
(Kolmogorov's theorem); if the additional condition is satisfied, then one has the stronger relation (2), in which
where (the Hartman–Wintner theorem).
The first theorem of general type on the law of the iterated logarithm was the following result obtained by A.N. Kolmogorov [1]. Let be a sequence of independent random variables with mathematical expectations equal to zero and with finite variances, and let
If for and if there exists a sequence of positive constants such that
then (1) and (2) are satisfied for
In the particular case where is a sequence of independent random variables having identical distributions with two possible values, this assertion was derived by A.Ya. Khinchin [2]. J. Marcinkiewicz and A. Zygmund [3] showed that under the conditions of Kolmogorov's theorem one cannot replace by . W. Feller [4] examined a generalization of Kolmogorov's law of the iterated logarithm for sequences of independent bounded non-identically distributed random variables. See [5] for other generalizations of the law; there is also the following result (see [6]), which is related to the Hartman–Wintner theorem: If is a sequence of independent random variables having identical distributions with infinite variances, then
The results obtained on the law of the iterated logarithm for sequences of independent random variables have served as a starting point for numerous researches on the applicability of this law to sequences of dependent random variables and vectors and to random processes.
References
[1] | A.N. [A.N. Kolmogorov] Kolmogoroff, "Ueber das Gesetz des iterierten Logarithmus" Math. Ann. , 101 (1929) pp. 126–135 |
[2] | A. [A.Ya. Khinchin] Khintchine, "Ueber einen Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung" Fund. Math. , 6 (1924) pp. 9–20 |
[3] | J. Marcinkiewicz, A. Zygmund, "Rémarque sur la loi du logarithme itéré" Fund. Math. , 29 (1937) pp. 215–222 |
[4] | W. Feller, "The general form of the so-called law of the iterated logarithm" Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. , 54 (1943) pp. 373–402 |
[5] | V. Strassen, "An invariance principle for the law of the iterated logarithm" Z. Wahrsch. Verw. Geb. , 3 (1964) pp. 211–226 |
[6] | V. Strassen, "A converse to the law of iterated logarithm" Z. Wahrsch. Verw. Geb. , 4 (1965–1966) pp. 265–268 |
[7] | P. Hartman, A. Wintner, "On the law of the iterated logarithm" Amer. J. Math. , 63 (1941) pp. 169–176 |
[8] | J. Lamperty, "Probability" , Benjamin (1966) |
[9] | V.V. Petrov, "Sums of independent random variables" , Springer (1975) (Translated from Russian) |
Comments
References
[a1] | P. Hall, C.C. Heyde, "Martingale limit theory and its application" , Acad. Press (1980) |
[a2] | W. Feller, "An introduction to probability theory and its applications" , 1 , Wiley (1968) |
[a3] | M. Loève, "Probability theory" , Princeton Univ. Press (1963) pp. Chapt. XIV |
Law of the iterated logarithm. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Law_of_the_iterated_logarithm&oldid=11246