Difference between revisions of "User:Richard Pinch/sandbox-11"
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A symbol encoding classes of polygons, polyhedra, polytopes and tessellations. | A symbol encoding classes of polygons, polyhedra, polytopes and tessellations. | ||
− | The symbol $\{p\}$ denotes a regular $p$-gon; the symbol $\{p,q\}$ a polyhedron with faces which are regular $p$-gons, $q$ of which meet at each vertex. The [[Platonic | + | The symbol $\{p\}$ denotes a regular $p$-gon; the symbol $\{p,q\}$ a polyhedron with faces which are regular $p$-gons, $q$ of which meet at each vertex. The [[Platonic solids]] correspond to: |
* [[tetrahedron]]: $\{3,3\}$; | * [[tetrahedron]]: $\{3,3\}$; | ||
* [[cube]]: $\{4,3\}$; | * [[cube]]: $\{4,3\}$; | ||
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The symbol $\{p,q,r\}$ denotes a [[polytope]] in four dimensions or a [[honeycomb]]. | The symbol $\{p,q,r\}$ denotes a [[polytope]] in four dimensions or a [[honeycomb]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The plane symbol may be extended to $\left\lbrace\frac{p}{q}\right\rbrace$ (where $p,q$ are coprime) denoting a $p$-gram or star polygon: a figure inscribed in a regular $p$-gon by joining every $q$-th vertex. | ||
====References==== | ====References==== | ||
* H.S.M. Coxeter, "Regular complex polytopes" , Cambridge Univ. Press (1974) ISBN 0-521-20125-X {{ZBL|0732.51002}} | * H.S.M. Coxeter, "Regular complex polytopes" , Cambridge Univ. Press (1974) ISBN 0-521-20125-X {{ZBL|0732.51002}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | =Glide= | ||
+ | ''glide reflection'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | An indirect (orientation-reversing) Euclidean isometry. In the plane, given a line $\ell$, a glide with axis $\ell$ is the composite of a translation in the direction of $\ell$ and [[reflection]] in $\ell$ as mirror. In space, given a plane $\Pi$, a glide is the composite of a translation parallel to $\Pi$ and reflection in $\Pi$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The indirect isometries of the Euclidean plane are all glide reflections (including reflections as a special case). | ||
+ | The indirect isometries of Euclidean space are either glide reflections or [[rotatory reflection]]s (including reflections as a special case). | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ====References==== | ||
+ | * H. S. M. Coxeter, "The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays" Dover (1999) ISBN 0486409198 {{ZBL|0941.51001}} | ||
+ | * E.G. Rees, "Notes on Geometry" Springer (1983)) ISBN 3-540-12053-X {{ZBL|0498.51001}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | =Rotatory reflection= | ||
+ | ''rotatory inversion'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | An indirect (orientation-reversing) isometry of Euclidean space. Given a plane $\Pi$ and a line $\ell$ perpendicular to $\Pi$, a rotatory reflection is the composite of a rotation with $\ell$ as axis and reflection in $\Pi$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | A '''rotatory inversion''': given a line $\ell$ and a point $P$ on $\ell$, the composite of a rotation with $\ell$ as axis and [[central inversion]] (or reflection) in the point $P$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Every rotatory reflection can be expressed as a rotatory inversion, and conversely. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The indirect isometries of Euclidean space are either rotatory reflections or [[glide reflection]]s (including reflections as a special case). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====References==== | ||
+ | * H. S. M. Coxeter, "The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays" Dover (1999) ISBN 0486409198 {{ZBL|0941.51001}} | ||
+ | * E.G. Rees, "Notes on Geometry" Springer (1983)) ISBN 3-540-12053-X {{ZBL|0498.51001}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | =Central inversion= | ||
+ | ''central symmetry'', ''reflection in a point'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | An isometry of a [[Euclidean space]] with respect to a centre $O$. The image of point $A$ is that point $A'$ on the line $\overline{OA}$ such that $A'O = OA$. In the Euclidean plane, this is a rotation by a half-turn about the point $O$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ====References==== | ||
+ | * H. S. M. Coxeter, "The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays" Dover (1999) ISBN 0486409198 {{ZBL|0941.51001}} | ||
+ | * E.G. Rees, "Notes on Geometry" Springer (1983)) ISBN 3-540-12053-X {{ZBL|0498.51001}} |
Latest revision as of 22:35, 17 December 2017
Honeycomb
"A symmetrical subdivision of a three-dimensional manifold into a number of polyhedral cells all alike, each rotation that is a symmetry of a cell being also a symmetry of the entire configuration."
A regular honeycomb is described by a Schläfli symbol $\{p,q,r\}$ denoting polyhedral cells that are Platonic solids $\{p,q\}$, such that every face $\{p\}$ belongs to just two cells, and every edge to $r$ cells.
References
- H.S.M. Coxeter "Twisted honeycombs", Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences. Regional Conference Series in Mathematics. No.4. American Mathematical Society (1970) ISBN 0-8218-1653-5 Zbl 0217.46502
- H.S.M. Coxeter, "Regular complex polytopes" , Cambridge Univ. Press (1974) ISBN 0-521-20125-X Zbl 0732.51002
Schläfli symbol
A symbol encoding classes of polygons, polyhedra, polytopes and tessellations.
The symbol $\{p\}$ denotes a regular $p$-gon; the symbol $\{p,q\}$ a polyhedron with faces which are regular $p$-gons, $q$ of which meet at each vertex. The Platonic solids correspond to:
- tetrahedron: $\{3,3\}$;
- cube: $\{4,3\}$;
- octahedron: $\{3,4\}$;
- dodecahedron: $\{5,3\}$;
- icosahedron: $\{3,5\}$.
There are three plane tessellations: $\{3,6\}$, $\{4,4\}$, $\{6,3\}$. The dual solid or tessellation to $\{p,q\}$ is $\{q,p\}$.
The symbol $\{p,q,r\}$ denotes a polytope in four dimensions or a honeycomb.
The plane symbol may be extended to $\left\lbrace\frac{p}{q}\right\rbrace$ (where $p,q$ are coprime) denoting a $p$-gram or star polygon: a figure inscribed in a regular $p$-gon by joining every $q$-th vertex.
References
- H.S.M. Coxeter, "Regular complex polytopes" , Cambridge Univ. Press (1974) ISBN 0-521-20125-X Zbl 0732.51002
Glide
glide reflection
An indirect (orientation-reversing) Euclidean isometry. In the plane, given a line $\ell$, a glide with axis $\ell$ is the composite of a translation in the direction of $\ell$ and reflection in $\ell$ as mirror. In space, given a plane $\Pi$, a glide is the composite of a translation parallel to $\Pi$ and reflection in $\Pi$.
The indirect isometries of the Euclidean plane are all glide reflections (including reflections as a special case). The indirect isometries of Euclidean space are either glide reflections or rotatory reflections (including reflections as a special case).
References
- H. S. M. Coxeter, "The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays" Dover (1999) ISBN 0486409198 Zbl 0941.51001
- E.G. Rees, "Notes on Geometry" Springer (1983)) ISBN 3-540-12053-X Zbl 0498.51001
Rotatory reflection
rotatory inversion
An indirect (orientation-reversing) isometry of Euclidean space. Given a plane $\Pi$ and a line $\ell$ perpendicular to $\Pi$, a rotatory reflection is the composite of a rotation with $\ell$ as axis and reflection in $\Pi$.
A rotatory inversion: given a line $\ell$ and a point $P$ on $\ell$, the composite of a rotation with $\ell$ as axis and central inversion (or reflection) in the point $P$.
Every rotatory reflection can be expressed as a rotatory inversion, and conversely.
The indirect isometries of Euclidean space are either rotatory reflections or glide reflections (including reflections as a special case).
References
- H. S. M. Coxeter, "The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays" Dover (1999) ISBN 0486409198 Zbl 0941.51001
- E.G. Rees, "Notes on Geometry" Springer (1983)) ISBN 3-540-12053-X Zbl 0498.51001
Central inversion
central symmetry, reflection in a point
An isometry of a Euclidean space with respect to a centre $O$. The image of point $A$ is that point $A'$ on the line $\overline{OA}$ such that $A'O = OA$. In the Euclidean plane, this is a rotation by a half-turn about the point $O$.
References
- H. S. M. Coxeter, "The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays" Dover (1999) ISBN 0486409198 Zbl 0941.51001
- E.G. Rees, "Notes on Geometry" Springer (1983)) ISBN 3-540-12053-X Zbl 0498.51001
Richard Pinch/sandbox-11. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Richard_Pinch/sandbox-11&oldid=42536