Pontryagin class

A characteristic class defined for real vector bundles (cf. Vector bundle). Pontryagin classes were introduced by L.S. Pontryagin [1] in 1947. For a vector bundle $ \xi $ with base $ B $ the Pontryagin classes are denoted by the symbol $ p _ {i} ( \xi ) \in H ^ {4i} ( B) $ and are defined to be equal to $ p _ {i} ( \xi ) = ( - 1 ) ^ {i} c _ {2i} ( \xi \otimes \mathbf C ) $, where $ \xi \otimes \mathbf C $ is the complexification of $ \xi $ and $ c _ {k} $ are the Chern classes (cf. Chern class). The total Pontryagin class is the non-homogeneous characteristic class $ p = 1 + p _ {1} + p _ {2} + \dots $. In other words, the Pontryagin classes are defined as homology classes $ p _ {i} \in H ^ {4i} ( \mathop{\rm BO} _ {n} ) $ determined by the equality $ p _ {i} = f ^ { * } ( ( - 1 ) ^ {i} c _ {2i} ) $, where $ f : \mathop{\rm BO} _ {n} \rightarrow \mathop{\rm BU} _ {n} $ is the mapping corresponding to the complexification of the universal vector bundle and $ c _ {n} \in H ^ {2k} ( \mathop{\rm BU} _ {n} ) $ are the Chern classes.

Let $ ( \kappa _ {n} ) _ {\mathbf R } $ be the real bundle of the universal vector bundle $ \kappa _ {n} $ over $ \mathop{\rm BU} _ {n} $. The total Pontryagin class $ p ( ( \kappa _ {n} ) _ {\mathbf R } ) $ of the vector bundle $ ( \kappa _ {n} ) _ {\mathbf R } $ coincides with $ \prod _ {i=} 1 ^ {n} ( 1 + x _ {i} ^ {2} ) \in H ^ {*} ( \mathop{\rm BU} _ {n} ) $, where $ x _ {1} \dots x _ {n} $ are the Wu generators (see Characteristic class).

A partial description of the cohomology ring $ H ^ {*} ( \mathop{\rm BO} _ {n} ) $ can be obtained in terms of Wu generators in the following way. The mapping $ g : \mathop{\rm BU} _ {[} n/2] \rightarrow \mathop{\rm BO} _ {n} $ corresponding to the vector bundle $ ( \kappa _ {[} n/2] ) _ {\mathbf R} \otimes \theta _ {1} $, where $ \theta _ {1} $ is the one-dimensional trivial vector bundle, induces a ring homomorphism $ g ^ {*} : H ^ {*} ( \mathop{\rm BO} _ {n} ) \rightarrow H ^ {*} ( \mathop{\rm BU} _ {[} n/2] ) $, under which the subring of $ H ^ {*} ( \mathop{\rm BO} _ {n} ) $ generated by the Pontryagin classes $ p _ {1} \dots p ^ {[} n/2] $ is mapped monomorphically onto the subring of $ H ^ {*} ( \mathop{\rm BU} _ {n} ) $ consisting of all even symmetric polynomials in the Wu generators. Evenness is understood in the sense that the degree of every variable $ x _ {i} $ in the polynomial should be even. Thus, an expression in Wu generators is obtained for any element of the ring $ \mathbf Z ( p _ {1} \dots p _ {[} n/2] ) \subset H ^ {*} ( \mathop{\rm BO} _ {n} ) $. This is important for practical calculations with Pontryagin classes. The characteristic class determined by an even symmetric polynomial in the Wu generators can be expressed in Pontryagin classes as follows. First, the polynomial is written in elementary symmetric functions of the variables $ x _ {1} ^ {2} \dots x _ {n} ^ {2} $ and then the elementary symmetric functions are replaced by Pontryagin classes.

If $ \xi , \eta $ are two real vector bundles over a common base, then the cohomology class $ p ( \xi \oplus \eta ) - p ( \xi ) p ( \eta ) $ is of order at most two; this is due to the fact that for the first Chern class $ c _ {1} ( \lambda ) = - c _ {1} ( \overline \lambda \; ) $.

Let a ring $ \Lambda $, containing $ 1/2 $, be considered as the ring of coefficients, and let $ p _ {i} $ be a Pontryagin class with values in $ H ^ {*} ( \cdot ; \Lambda ) $. In this case the following equality is valid:

$$ p ( \xi \oplus \eta ) = p ( \xi ) p ( \eta ), $$

or

$$ p _ {k} ( \xi \oplus \eta ) = \sum _ { i } p _ {k-} i ( \xi ) p _ {i} ( \eta ) ,\ p _ {0} = 1 . $$

The ring $ H ^ {**} ( \mathop{\rm BO} _ {n} ; \Lambda ) $ is monomorphically mapped into $ H ^ {**} ( \mathop{\rm BU} _ {[} n/2] ; \Lambda ) $ and the image of this mapping coincides with the subring of all even symmetric series in Wu generators as variables. Then the total Pontryagin class is mapped to the polynomial $ \prod _ {i=} 1 ^ {[} n/2] ( 1 + x _ {i} ^ {2} ) $, and the Pontryagin classes — to elementary symmetric functions of $ x _ {1} ^ {2} \dots x _ {n} ^ {2} $. Theorem:

$$ H ^ {**} ( \mathop{\rm BO} _ {n} ; \Lambda ) = \Lambda [[ p _ {1} \dots p _ {[} n/2] ]]. $$

The cohomology ring $ H ^ {*} ( \mathop{\rm BSO} _ {n} ) $ contains, beside a Pontryagin class, also the Euler class $ e \in H ^ {n} ( \mathop{\rm BSO} _ {n} ) $. Theorem:

$$ H ^ {**} ( \mathop{\rm BSO} _ {2k+} 1 ; \Lambda ) = \ \Lambda [[ p _ {1} \dots p _ {k} , e ]] , $$

$$ H ^ {**} ( \mathop{\rm BSO} _ {2k} ; \Lambda ) = \Lambda [[ p _ {1} \dots p _ {k-} 1 , e ]] , $$

for the space $ \mathop{\rm BSO} _ {2k} $ the equality $ p _ {k} = e ^ {2} $ holds.

The mapping $ g : \mathop{\rm BU} _ {[} n/2] \rightarrow \mathop{\rm BO} _ {n} $ can be extended to $ \mathop{\rm BU} _ {[} n/2] \rightarrow \mathop{\rm BSO} _ {n} $. The induced mapping $ H ^ {**} ( \mathop{\rm BSO} _ {n} ) \rightarrow H ^ {**} ( \mathop{\rm BU} _ {[} n/2] ) $ maps $ e $ to zero for $ n $ odd, and to $ \prod _ {i=} 1 ^ {n/2} x _ {i} $ for $ n $ even.

Let $ f ( t) \in \mathbf Q [[ t]] $ be a formal power series over the field $ \mathbf Q $. Then the series $ \prod _ {i=} 1 ^ {[} n/2] f ( x _ {i} ) $ determines some non-homogeneous element of the ring $ H ^ {**} ( \mathop{\rm BO} _ {n} ; \mathbf Q ) $, i.e. a characteristic class. Admitting a certain freedom, one can write

$$ x = \prod _ { i= } 1 ^ { [ } n/2] f ( x _ {i} ) \in H ^ {**} ( \mathop{\rm BO} _ {n} ; \mathbf Q ). $$

The characteristic class $ x $ is stable (that is $ x ( \xi \oplus \theta ) = x ( \xi ) $, where $ \theta $ is the trivial vector bundle) if and only if the constant term in $ f ( t) $ is equal to one. If one assumes $ f ( t) = t / \mathop{\rm tanh} t $, then the characteristic class constructed by the above-described method is denoted by $ L $ and is called the Hirzebruch $ L $- class,

$$ L = \prod _ { i= } 1 ^ { [ } n/2] \frac{x _ {i} }{ \mathop{\rm tanh} x _ {i} } \in \ H ^ {**} ( \mathop{\rm BO} _ {n} ; \mathbf Q ) . $$

The standard procedure of expressing the series $ \prod f ( x _ {i} ) $ in elementary symmetric functions of $ x _ {1} ^ {2} \dots x _ {n} ^ {2} $ leads to the representation of $ L $ in the form of a series in Pontryagin classes. Another characteristic class that is important for applications is obtained if it is assumed that

$$ f ( t) = t/ \frac{2}{\sinh ( t / 2 ) } = \ \frac{1}{e ^ {t/2} - e ^ {-} t/2 } . $$

The class determined by the even symmetric series

$$ \prod f ( x _ {i} ) = \prod \frac{x _ {i} / 2 }{\sinh ( x _ {i} / 2 ) } $$

is called the $ \widehat{A} $- class. Similarly, the $ A $- class is the characteristic class determined by the series $ \prod f ( x _ {i} ) $ where $ f ( t ) = 2t / \sinh ( 2t ) $. Both these classes, as well as $ L $, can be expressed in Pontryagin classes.

Topological invariance.

In 1965 S.P. Novikov [2] proved that the Pontryagin classes with rational coefficients coincide for two homeomorphic manifolds. It was already known that rational Pontryagin classes are piecewise-linearly invariant, i.e. coincide for two piecewise-linear homeomorphic manifolds. Moreover, rational Pontryagin classes were defined (see [4]) for piecewise-linear manifolds (possibly with a boundary). An example was given (see ) of integer Pontryagin classes which are not topological invariants.

In 1969 it was shown (see [7]) that the fibre $ \mathop{\rm Top} / \mathop{\rm PL} $ of the bundle $ \mathop{\rm BPL} \rightarrow \mathop{\rm B} \mathop{\rm Top} $ has the homotopy type of the Eilenberg–MacLane space $ K ( \mathbf Z _ {2} , 3 ) $. From this the topological invariance of rational Pontryagin classes follows, as well as a disproof of the fundamental hypothesis of combinatorial topology (the Hauptvermutung).

Generalized Pontryagin classes.

Let $ h ^ {*} $ be a generalized cohomology theory (cf. Generalized cohomology theories) in which Chern classes $ \sigma _ {i} $ are defined. If for a one-dimensional complex vector bundle $ \lambda $ the equality $ \sigma _ {1} ( \lambda ) = - \sigma _ {1} ( \overline \lambda \; ) $ holds, the Pontryagin classes with values in the theory $ h ^ {*} $ can be defined via the above-mentioned formula $ P _ {i} ( \xi ) = ( - 1 ) ^ {i} \sigma _ {2i} ( \xi \otimes \mathbf C ) $. The classes thus defined will have the property $ P ( \xi \otimes \eta ) = P ( \xi ) P ( \eta ) $, where $ P = 1 + P _ {1} + P _ {2} + \dots $ is the total Pontryagin class considered in the theory $ h ^ {*} \otimes \mathbf Z [ 1 /2 ] $.

However, in many generalized theories used in practice (for example, in $ K $- theory) the equality proposed for $ \sigma _ {1} $ does not hold. In such theories it does not make sense to define Pontryagin classes in the above-described manner, since under such a definition the usual formula for the total class of the sum of two vector bundles, even after including $ 1/2 $ in the coefficients, is not valid. One can define generalized Pontryagin classes in the following way. Let $ h ^ {*} $ be a multiplicative cohomology theory in which an orientation $ u ( \xi \otimes \mathbf C ) \in \widehat{h} {} ^ {2n} ( B ^ {\xi \otimes \mathbf C } ) $ of a vector bundle $ \xi \otimes \mathbf C $, where $ \xi $ is an arbitrary $ n $- dimensional real vector bundle over $ B $, is universally given. Let $ e ( \xi \otimes \mathbf C ) $ be the Euler class of $ \xi \otimes \mathbf C $, $ e ( \xi \otimes \mathbf C ) = i ^ {*} u ( \xi \otimes \mathbf C ) $, where $ i : B \rightarrow B ^ {\xi \otimes \mathbf C } $ is the inclusion of a zero section. Pontryagin classes in the theory $ h ^ {*} $ are the characteristic classes $ P _ {i} $, defined for real vector bundles and satisfying the following conditions:

1) $ P _ {i} ( \xi ) = 0 $ if $ i > 2 \mathop{\rm dim} \xi $;

2) $ P _ {i} ( \xi \oplus \theta ) = P _ {i} ( \xi ) $, where $ \theta $ is the trivial bundle;

3) $ P _ {k} ( \xi \oplus \eta ) - \sum _ {i} P _ {i} ( \xi ) P _ {k-} i ( \eta ) $ is an element of order a power of two;

4) $ P _ {n} ( \xi ) = ( - 1 ) ^ {n} e ( \xi \otimes \mathbf C ) $, where $ n = \mathop{\rm dim} \xi $.

The uniqueness and existence of characteristic classes with the above properties has been proved. From this point of view, Pontryagin classes lead to the notion of a two-valued formal group over the ring $ h ^ {*} ( \mathop{\rm pt} ) $ corresponding to the theory $ h ^ {*} $.

The characteristic classes $ \pi _ {i} $ in $ K $- theory are defined by the following formula:

$$ \sum _ { i } \pi _ {i} ( \xi ) s ^ {i} = \sum _ { i } (- 1) ^ {i} t ^ {i} \gamma _ {i} ( \xi \otimes \mathbf C ) = \gamma _ {-} t ( \xi \otimes \mathbf C ) = $$

$$ = \ \lambda _ {t/(} 1- t) ( ( \xi \oplus ( - \mathop{\rm dim} \xi ) ) \otimes \mathbf C ) , $$

where $ s = t - t ^ {2} $; here $ \gamma _ {i} $ are the Chern classes in $ \mathbf Z _ {2} $- graded $ K $- theory.

References

[1]	L.S. Pontryagin, "Characteristic classes of differentiable manifolds" Transl. Amer. Math. Soc. (1) , 7 (1962) pp. 279–331 Mat. Sb. , 21 (1947) pp. 233–284
[2]	S.P. Novikov, "Topological invariance of rational Pontrjagin classes" Soviet Math. Dokl. , 6 : 4 (1965) pp. 921–923 Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR , 163 (1965) pp. 298–300 Zbl 0146.19503 Zbl 0146.19502
[3]	V.M. Bukhshtaber, "The Chern–Dold character in cobordisms. I" Math. USSR Sb. , 12 : 4 (1970) pp. 573–594 Mat. Sb. , 83 (1970) pp. 575–595 Zbl 0219.57027
[4]	V.A. Rokhlin, A.S. Shvarč, "The combinatorial invariance of Pontrjagin classes" Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR , 114 (1957) pp. 490–493 (In Russian) Zbl 0078.36803
[5a]	J. Milnor, Matematika , 3 : 4 (1959) pp. 3–53 MR0339964
[5b]	J. Milnor, Matematika , 9 : 4 (1965) pp. 3–40 MR0339964
[6]	R.E. Stong, "Notes on cobordism theory" , Princeton Univ. Press (1968) MR0248858 Zbl 0181.26604
[7]	R.C. Kirby, L.C. Siebenmann, "Foundational essays on topological manifolds, smoothings, and triangulations" , Princeton Univ. Press (1977) MR0645390 Zbl 0361.57004

References

[a1]	J.W. Milnor, J.D. Stasheff, "Characteristic classes" , Princeton Univ. Press (1974) MR0440554 Zbl 0298.57008
[a2]	D.W. Anderson, E.H. Brown, F.P. Peterson, "Spin cobordism" Ann. of Math. (To appear) MR0219077 MR0190939 Zbl 0156.21605 Zbl 0136.44103
[a3]	J. Dieudonné, "A history of algebraic and differential topology 1900–1960" , Birkhäuser (1989) MR0995842 Zbl 0673.55002