# Logarithmic residue

of a meromorphic function $w = f ( z)$ at a point $a$ of the extended complex $z$- plane

The residue

$$\mathop{\rm res} _ {a} \ \frac{f ^ { \prime } ( z) }{f ( z) }$$

of the logarithmic derivative $f ^ { \prime } ( z) / f ( z)$ at the point $a$. Representing the function $\mathop{\rm ln} f ( z)$ in a neighbourhood $V ( a)$ of a point $a \neq \infty$ in the form $\mathop{\rm ln} f ( z) = A \mathop{\rm ln} ( z - a ) + \phi ( z)$, where $\phi ( z)$ is a regular function in $V ( a)$, one obtains

$$\mathop{\rm res} _ {a} \ \frac{f ^ { \prime } ( z) }{f ( z) } = A .$$

The corresponding formulas for the case $a = \infty$ have the form

$$\mathop{\rm ln} f ( z) = A \mathop{\rm ln} \left ( \frac{1}{z} \right ) + \phi ( z) ,$$

$$\mathop{\rm res} _ \infty \frac{f ^ { \prime } ( z) }{f ( z) } = A .$$

If $a$ is a zero or a pole of $f ( z)$ of multiplicity $m$, then the logarithmic residue of $f ( z)$ at $a$ is equal to $m$ or $- m$, respectively; at all other points the logarithmic residue is zero.

If $f ( z)$ is a meromorphic function in a domain $D$ and $\Gamma$ is a rectifiable Jordan curve situated in $D$ and not passing through the zeros or poles of $f ( z)$, then the logarithmic residue of $f ( z)$ with respect to the contour $\Gamma$ is the integral

$$\tag{1 } \frac{1}{2 \pi i } \int\limits _ \Gamma \frac{f ^ { \prime } ( z) }{f ( z) } \ d z = N - P ,$$

where $N$ is the number of zeros and $P$ is the number of poles of $f ( z)$ inside $\Gamma$( taking account of multiplicity). The geometrical meaning of (1) is that as $\Gamma$ is traversed in the positive sense, the vector $w = f ( z)$ performs $N - P$ rotations about the origin $w = 0$ of the $w$- plane (see Argument, principle of the). In particular, if $f ( z)$ is regular in $D$, that is, $P = 0$, then from (1) one obtains a formula for the calculation of the index of the point $w = 0$ with respect to the image $\Gamma ^ {*} = f ( \Gamma )$ of $\Gamma$ by means of the logarithmic residue:

$$\tag{2 } \mathop{\rm ind} _ {0} \Gamma ^ {*} = \ \frac{1}{2 \pi i } \int\limits _ \Gamma \frac{f ^ { \prime } ( z) }{f ( z) } \ d z .$$

Formula (2) leads to a generalization of the concept of a logarithmic residue to regular functions of several complex variables in a domain $D$ of the complex space $\mathbf C ^ {n}$, $n \geq 1$. Let $w = f ( z) = ( f _ {1} \dots f _ {n} ) : D \rightarrow \mathbf C ^ {n}$ be a holomorphic mapping such that the Jacobian $J _ {f} ( z) \not\equiv 0$ and the set of zeros $E = f ^ { - 1 } ( 0)$ is isolated in $D$. Then for any domain $G \subset \overline{G}\; \subset D$ bounded by a simple closed surface $\Gamma$ not passing through the zeros of $f$ one has a formula for the index of the point $w = 0$ with respect to the image $\Gamma ^ {*} = f ( \Gamma )$:

$$\tag{3 } \mathop{\rm ind} _ {0} \Gamma ^ {*} = \ \frac{1}{( 2 \pi i ) ^ {n} } \int\limits _ {\Gamma _ \epsilon } \frac{d f _ {1} \wedge \dots \wedge d f _ {n} }{f _ {1} \dots f _ {n} } = N ,$$

where the integration is carried out with respect to the $n$- dimensional frame $\Gamma _ \epsilon = \{ {z \in G } : {| f _ \nu ( z) | = \epsilon, \nu = 1 \dots n } \}$ with sufficiently small $\epsilon > 0$. The integral in (3) also expresses the sum of the multiplicities of the zeros of $f$ in $G$( see [2]).

#### References

 [1] A.I. Markushevich, "Theory of functions of a complex variable" , 1 , Chelsea (1977) (Translated from Russian) [2] B.V. Shabat, "Introduction of complex analysis" , 1–2 , Moscow (1976) (In Russian)

The index of the origin with respect to a curve in the complex plane (also called the winding number of the curve, cf. Winding number) is the number of times that the curve encircles the origin. More precisely, it is the change in the argument of $\mathop{\rm ln} w$ as $w$ traverses the curve (cf. [a1], [a3]). In higher dimensions, the index of a point with respect to a closed surface may be defined as the number $N$ such that the surface is homologous to $N$ times the boundary of a ball centred at the point (cf. [a2], [a4]).