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The subset of the real interval <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c020/c020250/c0202501.png" /> consisting of all numbers of the form <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c020/c020250/c0202502.png" />, where <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c020/c020250/c0202503.png" /> is 0 or 2. It is geometrically described as follows (see Fig.): One removes from <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c020/c020250/c0202504.png" /> its middle third <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c020/c020250/c0202505.png" />; one then removes from the remaining intervals <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c020/c020250/c0202506.png" />, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c020/c020250/c0202507.png" /> their middle thirds <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c020/c020250/c0202508.png" /> and <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c020/c020250/c0202509.png" />; then the middle thirds of the four remaining intervals, etc. Then what remains after removal of all these intervals (adjacent intervals), the total of whose length is 1, is the Cantor perfect set (Cantor set; Cantor ternary set; Cantor discontinuum).
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The subset of the real interval $[0,1]$ consisting of all numbers of the form $\sum_{i=1}^\infty\epsilon_i/3^i$, where $\epsilon_i$ is 0 or 2. It is geometrically described as follows (see Fig.): One removes from $[0,1]$ its middle third $(1/3,2/3)$; one then removes from the remaining intervals $[0,1/3]$, $[2/3,1]$ their middle thirds $(1/9,2/9)$ and $(7/9,8/9)$; then the middle thirds of the four remaining intervals, etc. Then what remains after removal of all these intervals (adjacent intervals), the total of whose length is 1, is the Cantor perfect set (Cantor set; Cantor ternary set; Cantor discontinuum).
  
It is nowhere dense in the real line but has the cardinality of the continuum.
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It is [[Nowhere-dense set|nowhere dense]] in the real line but has the [[cardinality of the continuum]].
  
 
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From a topological point of view, the Cantor set is a zero-dimensional, perfect, metrizable compactum (that is, without isolated points); such a compactum is unique up to a homeomorphism. All bounded, perfect, nowhere-dense subsets of the real line are similar sets. The Cantor set is homeomorphic to a countable product <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c020/c020250/c02025010.png" /> of copies of a two-point space <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c020/c020250/c02025011.png" />, and is the space of the topological group <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c020/c020250/c02025012.png" />. The Cantor set is universal in two senses: 1) first of all, every zero-dimensional regular Hausdorff space with a countable base is homeomorphic to a subset of the Cantor set; 2) secondly, every metrizable compactum is a continuous image of the Cantor set (Aleksandrov's theorem). This theorem marks the beginning of the theory of dyadic compacta and shows that many compacta are similar to one another from the functional point of view. In particular, all perfect compacta have the same Boolean algebra of canonical open sets. The existence of special mappings from the Cantor set onto compacta allows one to prove that the Banach algebras of all continuous functions on two arbitrary perfect metrizable compacta (for example, on an interval and on a square) are linearly homeomorphic. Furthermore, the Cantor set and the possibility of mapping it onto an arbitrary metrizable compactum lies at the basis of the construction of many interesting examples in topology and function theory. One of them is the so-called Cantor staircase, which is the graph of a continuous monotone mapping of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c020/c020250/c02025013.png" /> onto itself, the derivative of which is defined and equal to zero on an open set of measure 1. Although the standard Cantor set has measure zero, there exists nowhere-dense perfect compacta on the unit interval with measure arbitrarily close to 1.
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From a topological point of view, the Cantor set is a [[Zero-dimensional space|zero-dimensional]], [[Perfect set|perfect]], [[Metrizable space|metrizable]] [[compactum]] (that is, without isolated points); such a compactum is unique up to a homeomorphism. All bounded, perfect, nowhere-dense subsets of the real line are similar sets. The Cantor set is homeomorphic to a countable product $D^{\aleph_0}$ of copies of a two-point [[discrete space]] $D$, and is the space of the topological group $\mathbf Z_2^{\aleph_0}$. The Cantor set is universal in two senses: 1) first of all, every zero-dimensional regular Hausdorff space with a countable base is homeomorphic to a subset of the Cantor set; 2) secondly, every metrizable compactum is a continuous image of the Cantor set (Aleksandrov's theorem). This theorem marks the beginning of the theory of [[Dyadic compactum|dyadic compacta]] and shows that many compacta are similar to one another from the functional point of view. In particular, all perfect compacta have the same Boolean algebra of canonical open sets. The existence of special mappings from the Cantor set onto compacta allows one to prove that the Banach algebras of all continuous functions on two arbitrary perfect metrizable compacta (for example, on an interval and on a square) are linearly homeomorphic. Furthermore, the Cantor set and the possibility of mapping it onto an arbitrary metrizable compactum lies at the basis of the construction of many interesting examples in topology and function theory. One of them is the so-called {{Anchor|Cantor staircase}}Cantor staircase, which is the graph of a continuous monotone mapping of $[0,1]$ onto itself, the derivative of which is defined and equal to zero on an open set of measure 1. Although the standard Cantor set has measure zero, there exists nowhere-dense perfect compacta on the unit interval with measure arbitrarily close to 1.
 
 
====References====
 
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  P.S. Aleksandrov,  "Einführung in die Mengenlehre und die allgemeine Topologie" , Deutsch. Verlag Wissenschaft.  (1984)  (Translated from Russian)</TD></TR></table>
 
 
 
  
  
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====References====
 
====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  A.V. Arkhangel'skii,  V.I. Ponomarev,  "Fundamentals of general topology: problems and exercises" , Reidel  (1984)  (Translated from Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top">  E. Hewitt,  K.R. Stromberg,  "Real and abstract analysis" , Springer  (1965)</TD></TR></table>
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<TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  P.S. Aleksandrov,  "Einführung in die Mengenlehre und die allgemeine Topologie" , Deutsch. Verlag Wissenschaft.  (1984)  (Translated from Russian)  {{MR|}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR>
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<TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  A.V. Arkhangel'skii,  V.I. Ponomarev,  "Fundamentals of general topology: problems and exercises" , Reidel  (1984)  (Translated from Russian) {{MR|785749}} {{ZBL|0568.54001}} </TD></TR>
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<TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top">  E. Hewitt,  K.R. Stromberg,  "Real and abstract analysis" , Springer  (1965) {{MR|0188387}} {{ZBL|0137.03202}} </TD></TR>
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Latest revision as of 09:11, 26 March 2023

The subset of the real interval $[0,1]$ consisting of all numbers of the form $\sum_{i=1}^\infty\epsilon_i/3^i$, where $\epsilon_i$ is 0 or 2. It is geometrically described as follows (see Fig.): One removes from $[0,1]$ its middle third $(1/3,2/3)$; one then removes from the remaining intervals $[0,1/3]$, $[2/3,1]$ their middle thirds $(1/9,2/9)$ and $(7/9,8/9)$; then the middle thirds of the four remaining intervals, etc. Then what remains after removal of all these intervals (adjacent intervals), the total of whose length is 1, is the Cantor perfect set (Cantor set; Cantor ternary set; Cantor discontinuum).

It is nowhere dense in the real line but has the cardinality of the continuum.

Figure: c020250a

From a topological point of view, the Cantor set is a zero-dimensional, perfect, metrizable compactum (that is, without isolated points); such a compactum is unique up to a homeomorphism. All bounded, perfect, nowhere-dense subsets of the real line are similar sets. The Cantor set is homeomorphic to a countable product $D^{\aleph_0}$ of copies of a two-point discrete space $D$, and is the space of the topological group $\mathbf Z_2^{\aleph_0}$. The Cantor set is universal in two senses: 1) first of all, every zero-dimensional regular Hausdorff space with a countable base is homeomorphic to a subset of the Cantor set; 2) secondly, every metrizable compactum is a continuous image of the Cantor set (Aleksandrov's theorem). This theorem marks the beginning of the theory of dyadic compacta and shows that many compacta are similar to one another from the functional point of view. In particular, all perfect compacta have the same Boolean algebra of canonical open sets. The existence of special mappings from the Cantor set onto compacta allows one to prove that the Banach algebras of all continuous functions on two arbitrary perfect metrizable compacta (for example, on an interval and on a square) are linearly homeomorphic. Furthermore, the Cantor set and the possibility of mapping it onto an arbitrary metrizable compactum lies at the basis of the construction of many interesting examples in topology and function theory. One of them is the so-called Cantor staircase, which is the graph of a continuous monotone mapping of $[0,1]$ onto itself, the derivative of which is defined and equal to zero on an open set of measure 1. Although the standard Cantor set has measure zero, there exists nowhere-dense perfect compacta on the unit interval with measure arbitrarily close to 1.


Comments

A generalization of the construction in the first lines above leads to Cantor-like sets, cf. [a2].

References

[1] P.S. Aleksandrov, "Einführung in die Mengenlehre und die allgemeine Topologie" , Deutsch. Verlag Wissenschaft. (1984) (Translated from Russian)
[a1] A.V. Arkhangel'skii, V.I. Ponomarev, "Fundamentals of general topology: problems and exercises" , Reidel (1984) (Translated from Russian) MR785749 Zbl 0568.54001
[a2] E. Hewitt, K.R. Stromberg, "Real and abstract analysis" , Springer (1965) MR0188387 Zbl 0137.03202


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How to Cite This Entry:
Cantor set. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Cantor_set&oldid=15138
This article was adapted from an original article by V.V. Fedorchuk (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article