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A generalization of the concept of an [[Affine variety|affine variety]], which plays the role of a local object in the theory of schemes. Let <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a0110901.png" /> be a commutative ring with a unit. An affine scheme consists of a topological space <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a0110902.png" /> and a sheaf of rings <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a0110903.png" /> on <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a0110904.png" />. Here, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a0110905.png" /> is the set of all prime ideals of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a0110906.png" /> (called the points of the affine scheme), provided with the [[Zariski topology|Zariski topology]] (or, which is the same, with the spectral topology), in which the basis of open sets is constituted by the subsets <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a0110907.png" />, where <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a0110908.png" /> runs through the elements of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a0110909.png" />. The sheaf of local rings <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109010.png" /> is defined by the condition <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109011.png" />, where <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109012.png" /> is the localization of the ring <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109013.png" /> with respect to the multiplicative system <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109014.png" />, cf. [[Localization in a commutative algebra|Localization in a commutative algebra]].
+
A generalization of the concept of an [[Affine variety|affine variety]], which plays the role of a local object in the theory of schemes. Let $ A $ be a commutative ring with a unit. An affine scheme consists of a topological space $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ and a sheaf of rings $ \widetilde{A} $ on $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $. Here, $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ is the set of all prime ideals of $ A $ (called the '''points of the affine scheme''') equipped with the [[Zariski topology|Zariski topology]] (or equivalently with the spectral topology), in which a basis of open sets is given by $ D(f) \stackrel{\text{df}}{=} \{ \mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{Spec}(A) \mid f \notin \mathfrak{p} \} $, where $ f $ runs through the elements of $ A $. The sheaf $ \widetilde{A} $ of local rings is defined by the condition that $ \Gamma \! \left( D(f),\tilde{A} \right) = A_{f} $, where $ A_{f} $ is the [[Localization in a commutative algebra|localization]] of the ring $ A $ with respect to the multiplicative system $ \{ f^{n} \}_{n \in \Bbb{N}_{0}} $.
  
Affine schemes were first introduced by A. Grothendieck [[#References|[1]]], who created the theory of schemes. A scheme is a ringed space which is locally isomorphic to an affine scheme.
+
Affine schemes were first introduced by A. Grothendieck ([[#References|[1]]]), who created the theory of schemes. A scheme is a ringed space that is locally isomorphic to an affine scheme.
  
An affine scheme <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109015.png" /> is called Noetherian (integral, reduced, normal, or regular, respectively) if the ring <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109016.png" /> is Noetherian (integral, without nilpotents, integrally closed, or regular, respectively). An affine scheme is called connected (irreducible, discrete, or quasi-compact, respectively) if the topological space <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109017.png" /> also has these properties. The space <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109018.png" /> of an affine scheme is always compact (and usually not Hausdorff).
+
An affine scheme $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ is called '''Noetherian''' ('''integral''', '''reduced''', '''normal''', or '''regular''', respectively) if the ring $ A $ is Noetherian (integral, without nilpotents, integrally closed, or regular, respectively). An affine scheme is called '''connected''' ('''irreducible''', '''discrete''', or '''quasi-compact''', respectively) if the topological space $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ also has these properties. The space $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ of an affine scheme is always compact (and usually not Hausdorff).
  
The affine schemes form a category if the morphisms of these schemes, considered as locally ringed spaces, are considered as morphisms of affine schemes. Each homomorphism of rings <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109019.png" /> defines a morphism of affine schemes: <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109020.png" />, consisting of the continuous mapping <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109021.png" /> (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109022.png" /> for <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109023.png" />), and a homomorphism of sheaves of rings <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109024.png" />, which transforms the section <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109025.png" /> of the sheaf <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109026.png" /> over the set <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109027.png" /> into the section <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109028.png" />. The morphisms of an arbitrary scheme <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109029.png" /> into an affine scheme (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109030.png" />) (which are also called <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109032.png" />-valued points of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109033.png" />) are in a one-to-one correspondence with the homomorphisms of rings <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109034.png" />; thus, the correspondence <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109035.png" /> is a contravariant functor from the category of commutative rings with a unit into the category of affine schemes, which establishes an anti-equivalence of these categories. In particular, in the category of affine schemes there are finite direct sums and fibre products, dual to the constructions of the direct sum and the tensor product of rings. The morphisms of affine schemes which correspond to surjective homomorphisms of rings are called closed imbeddings of affine schemes.
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The affine schemes form a category if the morphisms of these schemes, considered as locally ringed spaces, are defined as morphisms of locally ringed spaces. Each ring homomorphism $ \phi: A \to B $ defines a morphism of affine schemes: $ \left( \operatorname{Spec}(B),\widetilde{B} \right) \to \left( \operatorname{Spec}(A),\widetilde{A} \right) $, consisting of the continuous mapping $ \operatorname{Spec}(\phi): \operatorname{Spec}(B) \to \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ ($ [\operatorname{Spec}(\phi)](\mathfrak{p}) = {\phi^{\leftarrow}}[\mathfrak{p}] $ for $ \mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{Spec}(B) $), and a homomorphism of sheaves of rings $ \widetilde{\phi}: \widetilde{A} \to \widetilde{B} $ that transforms the section $ a / f $ of the sheaf $ \widetilde{A} $ over the set $ D(f) $ into the section $ \phi(a) / \phi(f) $. The morphisms of an arbitrary scheme $ (X,\mathcal{O}_{X}) $ into an affine scheme $ \left( \operatorname{Spec}(A),\widetilde{A} \right) $ (which are also called '''$ X $-valued points''' of $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $) are in a one-to-one correspondence with ring homomorphisms $ A \to \Gamma(X,\mathcal{O}_{X}) $; thus, the correspondence $ A \mapsto \left( \operatorname{Spec}(A),\widetilde{A} \right) $ is a contravariant functor from the category of commutative rings with a unit into the category of affine schemes, which establishes an anti-equivalence of these categories. In particular, in the category of affine schemes, there are finite direct sums and fiber products, dual to the constructions of the direct sum and the tensor product of rings. The morphisms of affine schemes that correspond to surjective homomorphisms of rings are called '''closed imbeddings''' of affine schemes.
  
 
The most important examples of affine schemes are affine varieties; other examples are affine group schemes (cf. [[Group scheme|Group scheme]]).
 
The most important examples of affine schemes are affine varieties; other examples are affine group schemes (cf. [[Group scheme|Group scheme]]).
  
In a manner similar to the construction of the sheaf <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109036.png" /> it is possible to construct, for any <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109037.png" />-module <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109038.png" />, a sheaf of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109039.png" />-modules <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109040.png" /> on <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109041.png" /> for which
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In a manner similar to the construction of the sheaf $ \widetilde{A} $, it is possible to construct, for any $ A $-module $ M $, a sheaf $ \widetilde{M} $ of $ \widetilde{A} $-modules on $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ for which
 
+
$$
<table class="eq" style="width:100%;"> <tr><td valign="top" style="width:94%;text-align:center;"><img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109042.png" /></td> </tr></table>
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\Gamma \! \left( D(f),\widetilde{M} \right) = M_{f} = M \otimes_{A} A_{f}.
 
+
$$
Such sheaves are called quasi-coherent. The category of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109043.png" />-modules is equivalent to the category of quasi-coherent sheaves of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109044.png" />-modules on <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109045.png" />; projective modules correspond to locally free sheaves. The cohomology spaces of quasi-coherent sheaves over an affine scheme are described by Serre's theorem:
+
Such sheaves are called '''quasi-coherent'''. The category of $ A $-modules is equivalent to the category of quasi-coherent sheaves of $ \widetilde{A} $-modules on $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $; projective modules correspond to locally free sheaves. The cohomology spaces of quasi-coherent sheaves over an affine scheme are described by Serre’s theorem:
 
+
$$
<table class="eq" style="width:100%;"> <tr><td valign="top" style="width:94%;text-align:center;"><img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109046.png" /></td> </tr></table>
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H^{q} \! \left( \operatorname{Spec}(A),\widetilde{M} \right) = 0 \quad \text{if $ q > 0 $}.
 
+
$$
The converse of this theorem (Serre's criterion for affinity) states that if <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109047.png" /> is a compact separable scheme, and if <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109048.png" /> for any quasi-coherent sheaf of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109049.png" />-modules <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109050.png" />, then <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/a/a011/a011090/a01109051.png" /> is an affine scheme. Other criteria for affinity also exist [[#References|[1]]], [[#References|[4]]].
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The converse of this theorem (Serre’s criterion for affinity) states that if $ (X,\mathcal{O}_{X}) $ is a compact separable scheme, and if $ {H^{1}}(X,F) = 0 $ for any quasi-coherent sheaf $ F $ of $ \mathcal{O}_{X} $-modules, then $ X $ is an affine scheme. Other criteria for affinity also exist ([[#References|[1]]], [[#References|[4]]]).
  
 
====References====
 
====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  A. Grothendieck,  J. Dieudonné,  "Eléments de géometrie algébrique"  ''Publ. Math. IHES'' , '''4'''  (1960)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top">  J. Dieudonné,  "Algebraic geometry"  ''Adv. in Math.'' , '''1'''  (1969)  pp. 233–321</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top">  Yu.I. Manin,  "Lectures on algebraic geometry" , '''1''' , Moscow  (1970)  (In Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD> <TD valign="top">  J. Goodman,  R. Hartshorne,  "Schemes with finite-dimensional cohomology groups"  ''Amer. J. Math.'' , '''91'''  (1969)  pp. 258–266</TD></TR></table>
 
  
 +
<table>
 +
<TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD><TD valign="top">
 +
A. Grothendieck, J. Dieudonné, “Eléments de géometrie algébrique”, ''Publ. Math. IHES'', '''4''' (1960). {{MR|0217083}} {{MR|0163908}} {{ZBL|0118.36206}}</TD></TR>
 +
<TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD><TD valign="top">
 +
J. Dieudonné, “Algebraic geometry”, ''Adv. in Math.'', '''1''' (1969), pp. 233–321. {{MR|0244267}} {{ZBL|0185.49102}} </TD></TR>
 +
<TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD><TD valign="top">
 +
Yu.I. Manin, “Lectures on algebraic geometry”, '''1''', Moscow (1970) (In Russian). {{MR|0284434}} {{ZBL|0204.21302}} </TD></TR>
 +
<TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD><TD valign="top"> J. Goodman, R. Hartshorne, “Schemes with finite-dimensional cohomology groups”, ''Amer. J. Math.'', '''91''' (1969), pp. 258–266. {{MR|0241432}} {{ZBL|0176.18303}}</TD></TR>
 +
</table>
  
 +
====Comments====
  
====Comments====
 
 
Reference [[#References|[a1]]] is, of course, standard. It replaces [[#References|[3]]]. An alternative to [[#References|[1]]] is [[#References|[a2]]].
 
Reference [[#References|[a1]]] is, of course, standard. It replaces [[#References|[3]]]. An alternative to [[#References|[1]]] is [[#References|[a2]]].
  
 
====References====
 
====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> R. Hartshorne,   "Algebraic geometry" , Springer (1977)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A. Grothendieck,   J. Dieudonné,   "Eléments de géometrie algébrique" , '''I. Le langage des schémes''' , Springer (1971)</TD></TR></table>
+
 
 +
<table>
 +
<TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD><TD valign="top">
 +
R. Hartshorne, “Algebraic geometry”, Springer (1977). {{MR|0463157}} {{ZBL|0367.14001}} </TD></TR>
 +
<TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD><TD valign="top"> A. Grothendieck, J. Dieudonné, “Eléments de géometrie algébrique”, '''I. Le langage des schémes''', Springer (1971). {{MR|0217085}} {{ZBL|0203.23301}}</TD></TR>
 +
</table>

Latest revision as of 09:29, 13 December 2016

A generalization of the concept of an affine variety, which plays the role of a local object in the theory of schemes. Let $ A $ be a commutative ring with a unit. An affine scheme consists of a topological space $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ and a sheaf of rings $ \widetilde{A} $ on $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $. Here, $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ is the set of all prime ideals of $ A $ (called the points of the affine scheme) equipped with the Zariski topology (or equivalently with the spectral topology), in which a basis of open sets is given by $ D(f) \stackrel{\text{df}}{=} \{ \mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{Spec}(A) \mid f \notin \mathfrak{p} \} $, where $ f $ runs through the elements of $ A $. The sheaf $ \widetilde{A} $ of local rings is defined by the condition that $ \Gamma \! \left( D(f),\tilde{A} \right) = A_{f} $, where $ A_{f} $ is the localization of the ring $ A $ with respect to the multiplicative system $ \{ f^{n} \}_{n \in \Bbb{N}_{0}} $.

Affine schemes were first introduced by A. Grothendieck ([1]), who created the theory of schemes. A scheme is a ringed space that is locally isomorphic to an affine scheme.

An affine scheme $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ is called Noetherian (integral, reduced, normal, or regular, respectively) if the ring $ A $ is Noetherian (integral, without nilpotents, integrally closed, or regular, respectively). An affine scheme is called connected (irreducible, discrete, or quasi-compact, respectively) if the topological space $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ also has these properties. The space $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ of an affine scheme is always compact (and usually not Hausdorff).

The affine schemes form a category if the morphisms of these schemes, considered as locally ringed spaces, are defined as morphisms of locally ringed spaces. Each ring homomorphism $ \phi: A \to B $ defines a morphism of affine schemes: $ \left( \operatorname{Spec}(B),\widetilde{B} \right) \to \left( \operatorname{Spec}(A),\widetilde{A} \right) $, consisting of the continuous mapping $ \operatorname{Spec}(\phi): \operatorname{Spec}(B) \to \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ ($ [\operatorname{Spec}(\phi)](\mathfrak{p}) = {\phi^{\leftarrow}}[\mathfrak{p}] $ for $ \mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{Spec}(B) $), and a homomorphism of sheaves of rings $ \widetilde{\phi}: \widetilde{A} \to \widetilde{B} $ that transforms the section $ a / f $ of the sheaf $ \widetilde{A} $ over the set $ D(f) $ into the section $ \phi(a) / \phi(f) $. The morphisms of an arbitrary scheme $ (X,\mathcal{O}_{X}) $ into an affine scheme $ \left( \operatorname{Spec}(A),\widetilde{A} \right) $ (which are also called $ X $-valued points of $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $) are in a one-to-one correspondence with ring homomorphisms $ A \to \Gamma(X,\mathcal{O}_{X}) $; thus, the correspondence $ A \mapsto \left( \operatorname{Spec}(A),\widetilde{A} \right) $ is a contravariant functor from the category of commutative rings with a unit into the category of affine schemes, which establishes an anti-equivalence of these categories. In particular, in the category of affine schemes, there are finite direct sums and fiber products, dual to the constructions of the direct sum and the tensor product of rings. The morphisms of affine schemes that correspond to surjective homomorphisms of rings are called closed imbeddings of affine schemes.

The most important examples of affine schemes are affine varieties; other examples are affine group schemes (cf. Group scheme).

In a manner similar to the construction of the sheaf $ \widetilde{A} $, it is possible to construct, for any $ A $-module $ M $, a sheaf $ \widetilde{M} $ of $ \widetilde{A} $-modules on $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $ for which $$ \Gamma \! \left( D(f),\widetilde{M} \right) = M_{f} = M \otimes_{A} A_{f}. $$ Such sheaves are called quasi-coherent. The category of $ A $-modules is equivalent to the category of quasi-coherent sheaves of $ \widetilde{A} $-modules on $ \operatorname{Spec}(A) $; projective modules correspond to locally free sheaves. The cohomology spaces of quasi-coherent sheaves over an affine scheme are described by Serre’s theorem: $$ H^{q} \! \left( \operatorname{Spec}(A),\widetilde{M} \right) = 0 \quad \text{if $ q > 0 $}. $$ The converse of this theorem (Serre’s criterion for affinity) states that if $ (X,\mathcal{O}_{X}) $ is a compact separable scheme, and if $ {H^{1}}(X,F) = 0 $ for any quasi-coherent sheaf $ F $ of $ \mathcal{O}_{X} $-modules, then $ X $ is an affine scheme. Other criteria for affinity also exist ([1], [4]).

References

[1] A. Grothendieck, J. Dieudonné, “Eléments de géometrie algébrique”, Publ. Math. IHES, 4 (1960). MR0217083 MR0163908 Zbl 0118.36206
[2] J. Dieudonné, “Algebraic geometry”, Adv. in Math., 1 (1969), pp. 233–321. MR0244267 Zbl 0185.49102
[3] Yu.I. Manin, “Lectures on algebraic geometry”, 1, Moscow (1970) (In Russian). MR0284434 Zbl 0204.21302
[4] J. Goodman, R. Hartshorne, “Schemes with finite-dimensional cohomology groups”, Amer. J. Math., 91 (1969), pp. 258–266. MR0241432 Zbl 0176.18303

Comments

Reference [a1] is, of course, standard. It replaces [3]. An alternative to [1] is [a2].

References

[a1] R. Hartshorne, “Algebraic geometry”, Springer (1977). MR0463157 Zbl 0367.14001
[a2] A. Grothendieck, J. Dieudonné, “Eléments de géometrie algébrique”, I. Le langage des schémes, Springer (1971). MR0217085 Zbl 0203.23301
How to Cite This Entry:
Affine scheme. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Affine_scheme&oldid=15083
This article was adapted from an original article by V.I. DanilovI.V. Dolgachev (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article