Harnack inequality

(dual Harnack inequality)

An inequality that gives an estimate from above and an estimate from below for the ratio of two values of a positive harmonic function; obtained by A. Harnack [1]. Let be a harmonic function in a domain of an -dimensional Euclidean space; let be the ball with radius and centre at the point . If the closure , then the Harnack inequality

(1)

or

is valid for all , . If is a compactum, , then there exists a number such that

(2)

for any . In particular,

Harnack's inequality has the following corollaries: the strong maximum principle, the Harnack theorem on sequences of harmonic functions, compactness theorems for families of harmonic functions, the Liouville theorem (cf. Liouville theorems), and other facts. Harnack's inequality can be generalized [3], [4] to non-negative solutions of a wide class of linear elliptic equations of the form

with a uniformly positive-definite matrix :

where are numbers, is any -dimensional vector and . The constant in inequality (2) depends only on , , certain norms of the lower coefficients of the operator , and the distance between the boundaries of and of .

Figure: h046600a

The analogue of Harnack's inequality is also applicable [5] to non-negative solutions of uniformly-parabolic equations of the form (the coefficients of the operator may also depend on ). In such a case only a one-sided inequality

is possible for points lying inside the paraboloid

which is concave downwards with apex at (Fig., left part). Here depends on , , , , , , on certain norms of the lower coefficients of the operator , and on the distance between the boundary of the paraboloid and the boundary of the domain on which . If, for instance, in the cylinder

if the distance between and is at least and if is sufficiently small, then the inequality [5]

is valid in . In particular, if in (Fig., right part), if the compacta and are situated in and if

then

where

The example of the function

which is a solution of the heat equation for any , shows that in the parabolic case it is impossible to have two-sided estimates.

References

[1]	A. Harnack, "Die Grundlagen der Theorie des logarithmischen Potentiales und der eindeutigen Potentialfunktion in der Ebene" , Leipzig (1887)
[2]	R. Courant, D. Hilbert, "Methods of mathematical physics. Partial differential equations" , 2 , Interscience (1965) (Translated from German) MR0195654
[3]	J. Serrin, "On the Harnack inequality for linear elliptic equations" J. d'Anal. Math. , 4 : 2 (1955–1956) pp. 292–308 MR0081415 Zbl 0070.32302
[4]	J. Moser, "On Harnack's theorem for elliptic differential equations" Comm. Pure Appl. Math. , 14 (1961) pp. 577–591
[5]	J. Moser, "On Harnack's theorem for parabolic differential equations" Comm. Pure Appl. Math. , 17 (1964) pp. 101–134
[6]	A. Friedman, "Partial differential equations of parabolic type" , Prentice-Hall (1964) MR0181836 Zbl 0144.34903
[7]	E.M. Landis, "Second-order equations of elliptic and parabolic type" , Moscow (1971) (In Russian) MR0320507 Zbl 0226.35001

Comments

See [a2] for a Harnack inequality up to the boundary of .

References

[a1]	N. Boboc, P. Mustaţă, "Espaces harmoniques associés aux opérateurs différentiels linéaires du second order de type elliptique" , Springer (1968)
[a2]	L.L. Helms, "Introduction to potential theory" , Wiley (Interscience) (1969)