Littlewood problem
The Littlewood problem for compatible Diophantine approximations is the question of the existence, for any real numbers , of a natural number
such that
, where
is the distance from
to the nearest integer. In certain cases, for example for rational
and
, and for numbers
and
one of which can be represented by a continued fraction with non-negative elements, the Littlewood problem has an affirmative answer.
The Littlewood problem for integrals is the problem whether for an arbitrary increasing sequence of natural numbers
,
one has
![]() | (*) |
with , where
is an absolute constant and
. The following estimates have been obtained: either weaker estimates in comparison with (*) for arbitrary sequences
, or estimates close to (*) or even coinciding with this estimate, but for special sequences
.
The Littlewood problems were stated by J.E. Littlewood (see [1]).
References
[1] | G.H. Hardy, J.E. Littlewood, "A new proof of a theorem on rearrangements" J. London Math. Soc. , 23 (1948) pp. 163–168 |
[2] | J.W.S. Cassels, "An introduction to the geometry of numbers" , Springer (1959) |
Comments
The Littlewood problem for integrals has attracted the active interest of many mathematicians over a thirty year span. It was finally settled in the affirmative in 1981 by O.C. McGehee, L. Pigno and B. Smith [a1], and, independently, by S.V. Konyagin [a2]. A description of the problem just prior to its solution is given in [a3], Sect. 1.3.
For and
the left-hand side of (*) is equal to the Lebesgue constant
(see Lebesgue constants). As
, where the
are bounded and positive, it follows that the constant
cannot be taken larger than
. A remaining conjecture is that (*) holds with
(for all
). See [a4], where (*) is proved with
.
References
[a1] | O.C. McGehee, L. Pigno, B. Smith, "Hardy's inequality and the ![]() |
[a2] | S.V. [S.V. Konyagin] Konjagin, "On a problem of Littlewood" Math. USSR Izv. , 18 : 2 (1982) pp. 205–225 Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR , 45 (1981) pp. 243–265 |
[a3] | C.C. Graham, O.C. McGehee, "Essays in commutative harmonic analysis" , Springer (1979) pp. Chapt. 5 |
[a4] | J.D. Stegeman, "On the constant in the Littlewood problem" Math. Ann. , 261 (1982) pp. 51–54 |
Littlewood problem. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Littlewood_problem&oldid=15076