Groupoid

A universal algebra with one binary operation. It is the broadest class of such algebras: groups, semi-groups, quasi-groups — all these are groupoids of a special type. An important concept in the theory of groupoids is that of isotopy of operations. On a set let there be defined two binary operations, denoted by and ; they are isotopic if there exist three one-to-one mappings , and of onto itself such that for all . A groupoid that is isotopic to a quasi-group is itself a quasi-group; a groupoid with a unit element that is isotopic to a group, is also isomorphic to this group. For this reason, in group theory the concept of isotopy is not used: For groups isotopy and isomorphism coincide.

A groupoid with cancellation is a groupoid in which either of the equations , implies , where , and are elements of the groupoid. Any groupoid with cancellation is imbeddable into a quasi-group. A homomorphic image of a quasi-group is a groupoid with division, that is, a groupoid in which the equations and are solvable (but do not necessarily have unique solutions).

A set with one partial binary operation (i.e. one not defined for all pairs of elements) is said to be a partial groupoid. Any partial subgroupoid of a free partial groupoid is free.

References

[1]	A.G. Kurosh, "Lectures on general algebra" , Chelsea (1963) (Translated from Russian)
[2]	P.M. Cohn, "Universal algebra" , Reidel (1981)
[3]	O. Boruvka, "Foundations of the theory of groupoids and groups" , Wiley (1976) (Translated from German)
[4]	R.H. Bruck, "A survey of binary systems" , Springer (1958)

Comments

There is another, conflicting, use of the term "groupoid" in mathematics, which was introduced by H. Brandt [a1]. A groupoid may conveniently be defined as a (small) category in which every morphism is an isomorphism; equivalently, it is a set equipped with a unary operation and a partial binary operation satisfying

1) and are always defined;

2) is defined if and only if ;

3) if and are defined, then and are defined and equal;

4) each of , , , and is equal to if it is defined.

Groupoids, as a special case of categories, play an important role in many areas of application of category theory, including algebra [a2], different geometry [a3] and topology [a4], [a5].

References

[a1]	H. Brandt, "Ueber eine Verallgemeinerung des Gruppenbegriffes" Math. Ann. , 96 (1926) pp. 360–366
[a2]	P.J. Higgins, "Categories and groupoids" , v. Nostrand-Reinhold (1971)
[a3]	Ch. Ehresmann, "Structures locales et catégories ordonnés" , Oeuvres complètes et commentées , Supplément aux Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques , Partie II (1980)
[a4]	R. Brown, "Elements of modern topology" , McGraw-Hill (1968)
[a5]	R. Brown, "From groups to groupoids: a brief survey" Bull. London Math. Soc. , 19 (1987) pp. 113–134