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Let $\Lambda \equiv \Lambda [ e ] \equiv \Lambda _ { n } [ e ]$ be the [[Exterior algebra|exterior algebra]] on $n$ generators $e _ { 1 } , \ldots , e _ { n }$, with identity $e _ { 0 } \equiv 1$. $\Lambda$ is the algebra of forms in $e _ { 1 } , \ldots , e _ { n }$ with complex coefficients, subject to the collapsing property $e _ { i } e _ { j } + e _ { j } e _ { i } = 0$ ($1 \leq i , j \leq n$). Let $E _ { i } : \Lambda \rightarrow \Lambda$ denote the creation operator, given by $E _ { i } \xi : = e _ { i } \xi$ ($\xi \in \Lambda$, $1 \leq i \leq n$). If one declares $\{ e _ { i_1 } , \ldots , e _ { i_k } , i , 1 \leq i _ { 1 } &lt; \ldots &lt; i _ { k } \leq n \}$ to be an orthonormal basis, the exterior algebra $\Lambda$ becomes a [[Hilbert space|Hilbert space]], admitting an orthogonal decomposition $\Lambda = \oplus _ { k = 1 } ^ { n } \Lambda ^ { k }$, where $\operatorname { dim } \Lambda ^ { k  } = \left( \begin{array} { l } { n } \\ { k } \end{array} \right)$. Thus, each $\xi \in \Lambda$ admits a unique orthogonal decomposition $\xi = e _ { i } \xi ^ { \prime } + \xi ^ { \prime \prime }$, where $\xi ^ { \prime }$ and $\xi ''$ have no $e _ { i }$ contribution. It then readily follows that $E _ { i } ^ { * } \xi = \xi ^ { \prime }$. Indeed, each $E_i$ is a partial isometry, satisfying $E _ { i } ^ { * } E _ { j } + E _ { j } E _ { i } ^ { * } = \delta _ { i j }$ ($1 \leq i , j \leq n$).

Let $\mathcal{X}$ be a [[Normed space|normed space]], let $A \equiv ( A _ { 1 } , \dots , A _ { n } )$ be a commuting $n$-tuple of bounded operators on $\mathcal{X}$ and set $\Lambda ( {\cal X} ) : = {\cal X} \otimes _ { {\bf C} } \Lambda$. One defines $D _ { A } : \Lambda ( \mathcal{X} ) \rightarrow \Lambda ( \mathcal{X} )$ by $D _ { A } : = \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { n } A _ { i } \otimes E _ { i }$. Clearly, $D _ { A } ^ { 2 } = 0$, so <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t130/t130050/t13005034.png"/>.

The commuting $n$-tuple $A$ is said to be non-singular on $\mathcal{X}$ if $\operatorname { Ran } D _ { A } = \operatorname { Ker } D_ { A } $. The Taylor joint spectrum, or simply the Taylor spectrum, of $A$ on $\mathcal{X}$ is the set

\begin{equation*} \sigma _ { \text{T} } ( A , {\cal X} ) : = \{ \lambda \in {\bf C} ^ { n } : A - \lambda \text { is singular } \}. \end{equation*}

The decomposition $\Lambda = \oplus _ { k = 1 } ^ { n } \Lambda ^ { k }$ gives rise to a cochain complex $K ( A , \mathcal{X} )$, the so-called [[Koszul complex|Koszul complex]] associated to $A$ on $\mathcal{X}$, as follows:

\begin{equation*} K ( A , {\cal X} ) : 0 \rightarrow \Lambda ^ { 0 } ( {\cal X} ) \stackrel { D _ { A } ^ { 0 } } { \rightarrow } \ldots \stackrel { D _ { A } ^ { n - 1 } } { \rightarrow } \Lambda ^ { n } ( {\cal X} ) \rightarrow 0, \end{equation*}

where $D _ { A } ^ { k }$ denotes the restriction of $D _ { A }$ to the subspace $\Lambda ^ { k } ( \mathcal{X} )$. Thus,

\begin{equation*} \sigma _ {  \operatorname{T} } ( A , {\cal X} ) = \{ \lambda \in \mathbf{C} ^ { n } : K ( A - \lambda , {\cal X} ) \text{ is not exact}\}. \end{equation*}

J.L. Taylor showed in [[#References|[a17]]] that if $\mathcal{X}$ is a [[Banach space|Banach space]], then $\sigma _ { \text{T} } ( A , \mathcal X )$ is compact, non-empty, and contained in $\sigma ^ { \prime } ( A )$, the (joint) algebraic spectrum of $A$ (cf. also [[Spectrum of an operator|Spectrum of an operator]]) with respect to the commutant of $A$, $( A ) ^ { \prime } : = \{ B \in \mathcal{L} ( \mathcal{X} ) : B A = A B \}$. Moreover, $\sigma _{\operatorname{T}}$ carries an analytic [[Functional calculus|functional calculus]] with values in the double commutant of $A$, so that, in particular, $\sigma _{\operatorname{T}}$ possesses the projection property.

===Example: $n = 1$.===
For $n = 1$, $D _ { A }$ admits the following $( 2 \times 2 )$-matrix relative to the direct sum decomposition $( \mathcal{X} \otimes e _ { 0 } ) \oplus ( \mathcal{X} \otimes e_ { 1 } )$:

\begin{equation*} D _ { A } = \left( \begin{array} { l l } { 0 } &amp; { 0 } \\ { A } &amp; { 0 } \end{array} \right). \end{equation*}

Then $\operatorname { Ker } D _ { A } / \operatorname { Ran } D _ { A } = \operatorname { Ker } A \oplus ({\cal X} / \operatorname { Ran } A )$. It follows at once that $\sigma _{\operatorname{T}}$ agrees with $\sigma$, the spectrum of $A$.

===Example: $n = 2$.===
For $n = 2$,

\begin{equation*} D _ { A } = \left( \begin{array} { c c c c } { 0 } &amp; { 0 } &amp; { 0 } &amp; { 0 } \\ { A _ { 1 } } &amp; { 0 } &amp; { 0 } &amp; { 0 } \\ { A _ { 2 } } &amp; { 0 } &amp; { 0 } &amp; { 0 } \\ { 0 } &amp; { - A _ { 2 } } &amp; { A _ { 1 } } &amp; { 0 } \end{array} \right), \end{equation*}

so <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t130/t130050/t13005073.png"/>.

Note that since $\sigma _{\operatorname{T}}$ is defined in terms of the actions of the operators $A_i$ on vectors of $\mathcal{X}$, it is intrinsically "spatial" , as opposed to $\sigma ^ { \prime }$, $\sigma ^ { \prime \prime }$ and other algebraic joint spectra. $\sigma _{\operatorname{T}}$ contains other well-known spatial spectra, like $\sigma _ { \text{p} }$ (the point spectrum), $\sigma _ { \pi }$ (the approximate point spectrum) and $\sigma _ { \delta }$ (the defect spectrum). Moreover, if $\mathcal{B}$ is a commutative Banach algebra, $a \equiv ( a _ { 1 } , \dots , a _ { n } )$, with each $a _ { i } \in \mathcal{B}$, and $L _ { a }$ denotes the $n$-tuple of left multiplications by the $a_i$s, it is not hard to show that $\sigma _ { \text{T} } ( L _ { a } , \mathcal{B} ) = \sigma _ { \mathcal{B} } ( a )$. As a matter of fact, the same result holds when $\mathcal{B}$ is not commutative, provided all the $a_i$s come from the centre of $\mathcal{B}$.

===Spectral permanence.===
When $\mathcal{B}$ is a $C ^ { * }$-algebra, say $\mathcal{B} \subseteq \mathcal{L} ( \mathcal{H} )$, then $\sigma _ { T } ( L _ { a } , \mathcal{B} ) = \sigma _ { T } ( a , \mathcal{H} )$ [[#References|[a9]]]. This fact, known as spectral permanence for the Taylor spectrum, shows that for $C ^ { * }$-algebra elements (and also for Hilbert space operators), the non-singularity of $L _ { a }$ is equivalent to the invertibility of the associated Dirac operator $D _ { a } + D _ { a^{*} } ^ { t }$.

===Finite-dimensional case.===
When <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t130/t130050/t130050100.png"/>,

\begin{equation*} \sigma _ { \text{p} } = \sigma _ { \text{l} } = \sigma _ { \pi } = \sigma _ { \delta } = \sigma _ {  \text{r} } = \sigma _ {  \text{T} } = \sigma ^ { \prime } = \sigma ^ { \prime \prime } = \widehat { \sigma }, \end{equation*}

where $\sigma_{\text{l}}$, $\sigma _ { \text{r} }$ and $\hat { \sigma }$ denote the left, right and polynomially convex spectra, respectively. As a matter of fact, in this case the commuting $n$-tuple $A$ can be simultaneously triangularized as $A _ { k } \equiv ( a _ { i ,\, j } ^ { ( k ) } ) _ { i ,\, j = 1 } ^ { \operatorname { dim } \mathcal{X} }$, and

\begin{equation*} \sigma _ { T } ( A , \mathcal{X} ) = \left\{ ( a _ {ii} ^ { ( 1 ) } , \ldots , a _ { ii } ^ { ( n ) } ) : 1 \leq i \leq \operatorname { dim } \mathcal{X} \right\}. \end{equation*}

===Case of compact operators.===
If $A$ is a commuting $n$-tuple of compact operators acting on a Banach space $\mathcal{X}$, then $\sigma _ { \text{T} } ( A , \mathcal X )$ is countable, with $( 0 , \ldots , 0 )$ as the only accumulation point. Moreover, $\sigma _ { \pi } ( A , \mathcal{X} ) = \sigma _ { \delta } ( A , \mathcal{X} ) = \sigma _ { \text{T} } ( A , \mathcal{X} )$.

===Invariant subspaces.===
If $\mathcal{X}$ is a Banach space, $\mathcal{Y}$ is a closed subspace of $\mathcal{X}$ and $A$ is a commuting $n$-tuple leaving $\mathcal{Y}$ invariant, then the union of any two of the sets $\sigma _ { \text{T} } ( A , \mathcal X )$, $\sigma _ { \text{T} } ( A , \mathcal{Y} )$ and $\sigma _ { T } ( A , \mathcal{X} / \mathcal{Y} )$ contains the third [[#References|[a17]]]. This can be seen by looking at the long cohomology sequence associated to the Koszul complex and the canonical short exact sequence $0 \rightarrow {\cal Y \rightarrow X \rightarrow X / Y }\rightarrow 0$.

===Additional properties.===
In addition to the above-mentioned properties of $\sigma _{\operatorname{T}}$, the following facts can be found in the survey article [[#References|[a10]]] and the references therein:

i) $\sigma _{\operatorname{T}}$ gives rise to a compact non-empty subset $M _ { \sigma _ {  \operatorname{T} } } (\cal B , X )$ of the maximal ideal space of any commutative Banach algebra $\mathcal{B}$ containing $A$, in such a way that $\sigma _ { \text{T} } ( A , \mathcal{X} ) = \hat { A } ( M _ { \sigma _ { \text{T} } } ( \mathcal{B} , \mathcal{X} ) )$ [[#References|[a17]]];

ii) for $n = 2$, $\partial \sigma _ { T } ( A , \mathcal{H} ) \subseteq \partial \sigma _ { H } ( A , \mathcal{H} )$, where $\sigma _ { \text{H} } : = \sigma _ { \text{I} } \cup \sigma _ { \text{r} }$ denotes the Harte spectrum;

iii) the upper semi-continuity of separate parts holds for the Taylor spectrum;

iv) every isolated point in $\sigma _ { \mathcal{B} } ( A )$ is an isolated point of $\sigma _ { \text{T} } ( A , \mathcal{H} )$ (and, a fortiori, an isolated point of $\sigma _ { \text{l} } ( A , \mathcal{H} ) \cap \sigma _ { \text{r} } ( A , \mathcal{H} )$);

v) if $0 \in \sigma _ { \text{T} } ( A , \mathcal{H} )$, up to approximate unitary equivalence one can always assume that $\overline { \operatorname { Ran } D _ { A } } \neq \operatorname { Ker } D _ { A }$ [[#References|[a5]]];

vi) the functional calculus introduced by Taylor in [[#References|[a18]]] admits a concrete realization in terms of the Bochner–Martinelli kernel (cf. [[Bochner–Martinelli representation formula|Bochner–Martinelli representation formula]]) in case $A$ acts on a Hilbert space or on a [[C*-algebra|$C ^ { * }$-algebra]] [[#References|[a20]]];

vii) M. Putinar established in [[#References|[a13]]] the uniqueness of the functional calculus, provided it extends the polynomial calculus.

===Fredholm $n$-tuples.===
In a way entirely similar to the development of Fredholm theory, one can define the notion of Fredholm $n$-tuple: a commuting $n$-tuple $A$ is said to be Fredholm on $\mathcal{X}$ if the associated Koszul complex $K ( A , \mathcal{X} )$ has finite-dimensional cohomology spaces. The Taylor essential spectrum of $A$ on $\mathcal{X}$ is then

\begin{equation*} \sigma _ { \text{Te} } ( A , \mathcal{X} ) : = \{ \lambda \in \mathbf{C} ^ { n } : A - \lambda \ \text{is not Fredholm} \}. \end{equation*}

The Fredholm index of $A$ is defined as the [[Euler characteristic|Euler characteristic]] of $K ( A , \mathcal{X} )$. For example, if $n = 2$, $\operatorname{index}( A ) = \operatorname { dim } \operatorname { Ker } D _ { A } ^ { 0 } - \operatorname { dim } ( \operatorname { Ker } D _ { A } ^ { 1 } / \operatorname { Ran } D _ { A } ^ { 0 } ) + \operatorname { dim } ( {\cal X} / \operatorname { Ran } D _ { A } ^ { 1 } )$. In a Hilbert space, $\sigma _ { \text{Te} } ( A , \mathcal{H} ) = \sigma _ {  \text{T} } ( L _ { a } , \mathcal{Q} ( \mathcal{H} ) )$, where $a : = \pi ( A )$ is the coset of $A$ in the Calkin algebra for $\mathcal{H}$.

===Example.===
If $\mathcal H = H ^ { 2 } ( S ^ { 3 } )$ and $A _ { i } : = M _ { z _ { i } }$ ($i = 1,2$), then $\sigma _ { \text{l}} ( A ) = \sigma _ { \text{le} } ( A ) = \sigma _ { \text{re} } ( A ) = \sigma _ { \text{Te} } ( A ) = S ^ { 3 }$, $\sigma _ { r } ( A ) = \sigma _ { T } ( A ) = \mathbf{B} _ { 4 }$, and $\operatorname{index}( A - \lambda ) = 1$ ($\lambda \in \mathbf{B} _ { 4 }$).

The Taylor spectral and Fredholm theories of multiplication operators acting on Bergman spaces over Reinhardt domains or bounded pseudo-convex domains, or acting on the Hardy spaces over the [[Shilov boundary]] of bounded symmetric domains on several complex variables, have been described in [[#References|[a4]]], [[#References|[a3]]], [[#References|[a6]]], [[#References|[a7]]], [[#References|[a8]]], [[#References|[a16]]], [[#References|[a15]]], [[#References|[a19]]], and [[#References|[a21]]]; for Toeplitz operators with $H ^ { \infty }$ symbols acting on bounded pseudo-convex domains, concrete descriptions appear in [[#References|[a11]]].

===Spectral inclusion.===
If $S$ is a subnormal $n$-tuple acting on $\mathcal{H}$ with minimal normal extension $N$ acting on $\mathcal{K}$ (cf. also [[Normal operator|Normal operator]]), $\sigma _ { \text{T} } ( N , \mathcal{K} ) \subseteq \sigma _ {  \text{T} } ( S , \mathcal{H} ) \subseteq \hat { \sigma } ( N , \mathcal{K} )$ [[#References|[a14]]].

===Left and right multiplications.===
For $A$ and $B$ two commuting $n$-tuples of operators on a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$, and <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t130/t130050/t130050177.png"/> and $R _ { B }$ the associated $n$-tuples of left and right multiplication operators [[#References|[a5]]],

\begin{equation*} \sigma _ { \operatorname{T} } ( ( L _ { A } , R _ { B } ) , \mathcal{L} ( \mathcal{H} ) ) = \sigma _ { \operatorname{T} } ( A , \mathcal{H} ) \times \sigma _ { T } ( B , \mathcal{H} ) \end{equation*}

and

\begin{equation*} \sigma _ { \text{Te} } ( ( L _ { A } , R _ { B } ) , \mathcal{L} ( \mathcal{H} ) ) = \end{equation*}

\begin{equation*} = [ \sigma _ {  \operatorname{Te} } ( A , {\cal H} ) \times \sigma _ {  \operatorname{T} } ( B , {\cal H} ) ] \bigcup [ \sigma _ {  \operatorname{T} } ( A , {\cal H} ) \times \sigma _ {  \operatorname{Te} } ( B , {\cal H} ) ]. \end{equation*}

During the 1980s and 1990s, Taylor spectral theory has received considerable attention; for further details and information, see [[#References|[a2]]], [[#References|[a11]]], [[#References|[a20]]], [[#References|[a10]]], [[#References|[a1]]]. There is also a parallel "local spectral theory" , described in [[#References|[a11]]], [[#References|[a12]]] and [[#References|[a20]]].

====References====
<table><tr><td valign="top">[a1]</td> <td valign="top"> E. Albrecht, F.-H. Vasilescu, "Semi-Fredholm complexes" ''Oper. Th. Adv. Appl.'' , '''11''' (1983) pp. 15–39 {{MR|0789629}} {{ZBL|0527.47008}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a2]</td> <td valign="top"> C.-G. Ambrozie, F.-H. Vasilescu, "Banach space complexes" , Kluwer Acad. Publ. (1995) {{MR|1357165}} {{ZBL|0837.47009}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a3]</td> <td valign="top"> C. Berger, L. Coburn, A. Koranyi, "Opérateurs de Wiener–Hopf sur les spheres de Lie" ''C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. A'' , '''290''' (1980) pp. 989–991 {{MR|584284}} {{ZBL|0436.47021}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a4]</td> <td valign="top"> C. Berger, L. Coburn, "Wiener–Hopf operators on $U _ { 2 }$" ''Integral Eq. Oper. Th.'' , '''2''' (1979) pp. 139–173 {{MR|0543881}} {{ZBL|0434.47019}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a5]</td> <td valign="top"> R. Curto, L. Fialkow, "The spectral picture of $( L_{A} , R _ { B } )$" ''J. Funct. Anal.'' , '''71''' (1987) pp. 371–392 {{MR|0880986}} {{ZBL|0626.47018}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a6]</td> <td valign="top"> R. Curto, P. Muhly, "$C ^ { * }$-algebras of multiplication operators on Bergman spaces" ''J. Funct. Anal.'' , '''64''' (1985) pp. 315–329 {{MR|0813203}} {{ZBL|0583.46049}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a7]</td> <td valign="top"> R. Curto, N. Salinas, "Spectral properties of cyclic subnormal $m$-tuples" ''Amer. J. Math.'' , '''107''' (1985) pp. 113–138 {{MR|778091}} {{ZBL|}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a8]</td> <td valign="top"> R. Curto, K. Yan, "The spectral picture of Reinhardt measures" ''J. Funct. Anal.'' , '''131''' (1995) pp. 279–301 {{MR|1345033}} {{ZBL|0826.47002}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a9]</td> <td valign="top"> R. Curto, "Spectral permanence for joint spectra" ''Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.'' , '''270''' (1982) pp. 659–665 {{MR|0645336}} {{ZBL|0508.47039}} {{ZBL|0491.47020}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a10]</td> <td valign="top"> R. Curto, "Applications of several complex variables to multiparameter spectral theory" J.B. Conway (ed.) B.B. Morrel (ed.) , ''Surveys of Some Recent Results in Operator Theory II'' , ''Pitman Res. Notes in Math.'' , '''192''' , Longman Sci. Tech. (1988) pp. 25–90 {{MR|0976843}} {{ZBL|0827.47005}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a11]</td> <td valign="top"> J. Eschmeier, M. Putinar, "Spectral decompositions and analytic sheaves" , ''London Math. Soc. Monographs'' , Oxford Sci. Publ. (1996) {{MR|1420618}} {{ZBL|0855.47013}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a12]</td> <td valign="top"> K. Laursen, M. Neumann, "Introduction to local spectral theory" , ''London Math. Soc. Monographs'' , Oxford Univ. Press (2000) {{MR|1747914}} {{ZBL|0957.47004}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a13]</td> <td valign="top"> M. Putinar, "Uniqueness of Taylor's functional calculus" ''Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.'' , '''89''' (1983) pp. 647–650 {{MR|718990}} {{ZBL|}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a14]</td> <td valign="top"> M. Putinar, "Spectral inclusion for subnormal $n$-tuples" ''Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.'' , '''90''' (1984) pp. 405–406 {{MR|728357}} {{ZBL|}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a15]</td> <td valign="top"> N. Salinas, A. Sheu, H. Upmeier, "Toeplitz operators on pseudoconvex domains and foliation $C ^ { * }$-algebras" ''Ann. of Math.'' , '''130''' (1989) pp. 531–565 {{MR|1025166}} {{ZBL|}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a16]</td> <td valign="top"> N. Salinas, "The $\overline { \partial }$-formalism and the $C ^ { * }$-algebra of the Bergman $n$-tuple" ''J. Oper. Th.'' , '''22''' (1989) pp. 325–343 {{MR|1043731}} {{ZBL|}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a17]</td> <td valign="top"> J.L. Taylor, "A joint spectrum for several commuting operators" ''J. Funct. Anal.'' , '''6''' (1970) pp. 172–191 {{MR|0268706}} {{ZBL|0233.47024}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a18]</td> <td valign="top"> J.L. Taylor, "The analytic functional calculus for several commuting operators" ''Acta Math.'' , '''125''' (1970) pp. 1–48 {{MR|0271741}} {{ZBL|0233.47025}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a19]</td> <td valign="top"> H. Upmeier, "Toeplitz $C ^ { * }$-algebras on bounded symmetric domains" ''Ann. of Math.'' , '''119''' (1984) pp. 549–576 {{MR|744863}} {{ZBL|}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a20]</td> <td valign="top"> F.-H. Vasilescu, "Analytic functional calculus and spectral decompositions" , Reidel (1982) {{MR|0690957}} {{ZBL|0495.47013}} </td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a21]</td> <td valign="top"> U. Venugopalkrishna, "Fredholm operators associated with strongly pseudoconvex domains in $\mathbf{C} ^ { n }$" ''J. Funct. Anal.'' , '''9''' (1972) pp. 349–373 {{MR|0315502}} {{ZBL|0241.47023}} </td></tr></table>