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''surgery''

A transformation of smooth manifolds to which the level manifold of a smooth function is subjected on passage through a non-degenerate [[Critical point|critical point]]; it is the most important construction in the topology of manifolds.

Let  $  V $
be a smooth  $  n $-dimensional manifold (without boundary) in which a  $  ( \lambda - 1 ) $-dimensional sphere  $  S ^ {\lambda - 1 } $
is (smoothly) imbedded. Suppose that the [[Normal bundle|normal bundle]] of  $  S ^ {\lambda - 1 } $
in  $  V $
is trivial, that is, a closed [[Tubular neighbourhood|tubular neighbourhood]]  $  T $
of  $  S ^ {\lambda - 1 } $
in  $  V $
decomposes into a direct product  $  T = S ^ {\lambda - 1 } \times D ^ {n - \lambda + 1 } $, 
where  $  D ^ {n - \lambda + 1 } $
is a disc of dimension  $  n - \lambda + 1 $. 
After having chosen such a decomposition, remove the interior of  $  T $
from  $  V $. 
A manifold is obtained whose boundary decomposes into a product  $  S ^ {\lambda - 1 } \times S ^ {n - \lambda } $
of spheres. But the manifold  $  D  ^  \lambda  \times S ^ {n - \lambda } $
has precisely the same boundary. Identifying the boundaries of  $  V \setminus   \mathop{\rm Int}  T $
and  $  D  ^  \lambda  \times S ^ {n - \lambda } $
by a diffeomorphism preserving the product structure of  $  S ^ {\lambda - 1 } \times S ^ {n - \lambda } $, 
a manifold  $  V ^ { \prime } $
without boundary is again obtained. It is called the result of surgery of  $  V $
along  $  S ^ {\lambda - 1 } $.

In the realization of a surgery it is necessary to give a decomposition of the neighbourhood  $  T $
of  $  S ^ {\lambda - 1 } $
into a direct product, that is, a trivialization of the normal bundle of  $  S ^ {\lambda - 1 } $
in  $  V $; 
in this connection different trivializations (riggings) may give essentially distinct (even homotopically) manifolds  $  V ^ { \prime } $.

The number  $  \lambda $
is called the index of the surgery, and the pair  $  ( \lambda , n - \lambda + 1 ) $
its type. If  $  V ^ { \prime } $
is obtained from  $  V $
by a surgery of type  $  ( \lambda , n - \lambda + 1 ) $, 
then  $  V $
is obtained from  $  V ^ { \prime } $
by a surgery of type  $  ( n - \lambda + 1 , \lambda ) $. 
For  $  \lambda = 0 $, 
$  V ^ { \prime } $
is a disjoint union of  $  V $(
which may be empty) and  $  S  ^ {n} $. 
The construction of a surgery may also be carried out for piecewise-linear and topological manifolds.

Example. For  $  V = S  ^ {2} $
and  $  \lambda = 2 $
the result of surgery is a disjoint union of spheres, and for  $  \lambda = 1 $
a torus. For  $  V = S  ^ {3} $
and  $  \lambda = 2 $
the product  $  S  ^ {1} \times S  ^ {2} $
is obtained. The case  $  V = S  ^ {3} $
and  $  \lambda = 1 $
is more complicated: if  $  S ^ {\lambda - 1 } = S  ^ {1} $
is imbedded in  $  S  ^ {3} $
in the standard way (as a great circle), then, depending on the choice of the trivialization of the normal bundle, all lens spaces (cf. [[Lens space|Lens space]]) are obtained; if, however, a knotting of  $  S  ^ {1} $
is allowed, then a still larger set of three-dimensional manifolds is obtained.

If  $  V $
is the boundary of an  $  ( n + 1 ) $-dimensional manifold  $  M $, 
then  $  V ^ { \prime } $
will be the boundary of the manifold  $  M ^ { \prime } $
obtained from  $  M $
by glueing a handle of the index of  $  M ^ { \prime } $. 
In particular, if  $  f $
is a smooth function on  $  M $
and if  $  a < b $
are numbers such that  $  f ^ { - 1 } [ a , b ] $
is compact and contains a unique non-degenerate critical point  $  p $, 
then  $  V  ^ {b} = f ^ { - 1 } ( b) $
is obtained from  $  V  ^ {a} = f ^ { - 1 } ( a) $
by a surgery of index  $  \lambda $, 
where  $  \lambda $
is the [[Morse index|Morse index]] of  $  p $. 
In a more general form, any surgery  $  V ^ { \prime } $
of a manifold  $  V $
of index  $  \lambda $
defines a [[Bordism|bordism]] (cobordism)  $  ( W ;  V , V ^ { \prime } ) $ (obtained from the product  $  V \times [ 0 , 1 ] $
by glueing a handle of index  $  \lambda $
to its "right-hand boundary"  $  V \times \{ 1 \} $), 
and on the triple  $  ( W ;  V , V ^ { \prime } ) $
there is a [[Morse function|Morse function]] with a unique critical point of index  $  \lambda $; 
moreover, any bordism  $  ( W ;  V , V ^ { \prime } ) $
on which there is such a Morse function is obtained in this way. Hence (and from the existence of Morse functions on triples) it follows that two manifolds are bordant if one can be obtained from the other by a sequence of surgeries.

With the known precautions on the treatment of orientations, the result of a surgery on an oriented manifold is again an oriented manifold. In general, for any structure series  $  ( B , \phi ) $ (see [[B-Phi-structure| $  ( B , \phi ) $-structure]]) it is possible to define the idea of  $  ( B , \phi ) $-surgery; in this connection, two manifolds are  $  ( B , \phi ) $-bordant if they are connected by a finite sequence of  $  ( B , \phi ) $-surgeries.

The important role of surgery in the topology of manifolds is explained by the fact that it allows one to "delicately" (without infringing on the various properties of manifolds) kill "superfluous" homotopy groups (the operation usually used to this end in homotopy theory, i.e. the operation of "glueing" cells, instantaneously leads out of the class of manifolds). In practice, all theorems on the classification of structures on manifolds are based on the question: Given a mapping  $  f :  M \rightarrow X $
of a closed manifold  $  M $
into a CW-complex  $  X $, 
when does there exist a bordism  $  ( W ;  M , N ) $
and a mapping  $  F :  W \rightarrow X $
such that  $  F  \mid  _ {M} = f $
and  $  F  \mid  _ {N} :  N \rightarrow X $
is a homotopy equivalence. The natural route to the solution of this problem is to annihilate the kernels of the homomorphisms  $  f _ {*} :  \pi _ {i} ( M) \rightarrow \pi _ {i} ( X) $
by a sequence of surgeries (where  $  \pi _ {i} $
are the homotopy groups). If this succeeds, the resulting mapping will be a homotopy equivalence. The study of the corresponding obstructions (lying in the so-called Wall groups, see [[#References|[4]]] and [[Wall group|Wall group]]) is one of the most important stimuli in the development of [[Algebraic K-theory|algebraic  $  K $-theory]].

====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> M. Morse, "The calculus of variations in the large" , Amer. Math. Soc. (1934) {{MR|1451874}} {{MR|1501555}} {{MR|1561686}} {{MR|1501489}} {{MR|1501428}} {{ZBL|0011.02802}} {{ZBL|60.0450.01}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> S.P. Novikov, "Homotopically equivalent smooth manifolds I" ''Transl. Amer. Math. Soc.'' , '''48''' (1965) pp. 271–396 ''Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat.'' , '''28''' : 2 (1964) pp. 365–474 {{MR|0162246}} {{ZBL|0151.32103}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> M.A. Kervaire, J.W. Milnor, "Groups of homotopy spheres: I" ''Ann. of Math.'' , '''77''' (1963) pp. 504–537 {{MR|0148075}} {{ZBL|0115.40505}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A.S. Mishchenko, "Hermitian <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/m/m065/m065000/m06500094.png" />-theory. The theory of characteristic classes and methods of functional analysis" ''Russian Math. Surveys'' , '''31''' : 2 (1976) pp. 71–138 ''Uspekhi Mat. Nauk'' , '''31''' : 2 (1976) pp. 69–134 {{MR|2810191}} {{MR|2551881}} {{MR|2407859}} {{MR|2342865}} {{MR|2276911}} {{MR|2171671}} {{MR|1865951}} {{MR|1865950}} {{MR|1841760}} {{MR|1401584}} {{MR|1209904}} {{MR|1189162}} {{MR|1181028}} {{MR|1143142}} {{MR|1261408}} {{MR|0979315}} {{MR|0979309}} {{MR|0865932}} {{MR|0831650}} {{MR|0836571}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR></table>

====Comments====
There are clear relations between surgery and Morse theory, as indicated above, which is why in the Russian literature the term Morse surgery is frequently used. In the Western literature one simply speaks of surgery. The construction was invented by J.W. Milnor ([[#References|[a4]]]).

====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> W.B. Browder, "Surgery on simply-connected manifolds" , Springer (1972) {{MR|0358813}} {{ZBL|0239.57016}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> C.T.C. Wall, "Surgery on compact manifolds" , Acad. Press (1970) {{MR|0431216}} {{ZBL|0219.57024}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> C.T.-C. Wall, "Surgery on non-simply connected manifolds" ''Ann. of Math.'' , '''84''' (1966) pp. 217–276</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> J.W. Milnor, "A procedure for killing the homotopy groups of differentiable manifolds" , ''Differential geometry'' , ''Proc. Symp. Pure Math.'' , '''3''' , Amer. Math. Soc. (1961) pp. 39–55 {{MR|130696}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a5]</TD> <TD valign="top"> J.W. Milnor, "Morse theory" , Princeton Univ. Press (1963) {{MR|0163331}} {{ZBL|0108.10401}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a6]</TD> <TD valign="top"> M.W. Hirsch, "Differential topology" , Springer (1976) pp. Chapt. 5, Sect. 3 {{MR|0448362}} {{ZBL|0356.57001}} </TD></TR></table>