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Let $V$ be a real $N$-dimensional scalar inner product space (cf. also [[Inner product|Inner product]]; [[Pre-Hilbert space|Pre-Hilbert space]]), let $\mathcal{L} ( V )$ be the space of linear operators of $V$, and let $\mathcal{R} ( t ) \in \mathcal{L} ( V )$ be a given family of symmetric linear operators depending continuously on $t \in \mathbf{R}$. For $s \in \mathbf{R}$, denote by $C _ { S } : \mathbf{R} \rightarrow \mathcal{L} ( V )$ the solution of the initial value problem

\begin{equation*} X ^ { \prime \prime } ( t ) + \mathcal{R} ( t ) \circ X ( t ) = 0 \end{equation*}

\begin{equation*} X ( s ) = 0 , X ^ { \prime } ( s ) = I. \end{equation*}

Suppose that $C _ { 0 } ( t )$ is invertible for all $t \in ( 0 , \pi )$. Then for every positive $C ^ { 2 }$-function $f$ on $( 0 , \pi )$ satisfying $f ( \pi - t ) = f ( t )$ on $( 0 , \pi )$, one has

\begin{equation*} \int _ { 0 } ^ { \pi } d s \int _ { s } ^ { \pi } f ( t - s ) \operatorname { det } C _ { s } ( t ) d t \geq \end{equation*}

\begin{equation*} \geq \int _ { 0 } ^ { \pi } d s \int _ { s } ^ { \pi } f ( t - s ) \operatorname { sin } ^ { N } ( t - s ) d t, \end{equation*}

with equality if and only if $\mathcal{R} ( t ) = I$ for all $t \in ( 0 , \pi )$.

====References====
<table><tr><td valign="top">[a1]</td> <td valign="top">  J.L. Kazdan,   "An inequality arising in geometry"  A.L. Besse (ed.) , ''Manifolds all of whose Geodesics are Closed'' , Springer  (1978)  pp. 243–246; Appendix E</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a2]</td> <td valign="top">  I. Chavel,   "Riemannian geometry: A modern introduction" , Cambridge Univ. Press  (1995)</td></tr></table>