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''of a Lie group''

A representation of a [[Lie group|Lie group]] (cf. [[Representation of a topological group|Representation of a topological group]]) in an infinite-dimensional vector space. The theory of representations of Lie groups is part of the general theory of representations of topological groups. The specific features of Lie groups make it possible to employ analytical tools in this theory (in particular, infinitesimal methods), and also to considerably enlarge the class of "natural" group algebras (function algebras with respect to convolution, cf. [[Group algebra|Group algebra]]), the study of which connects this theory with abstract harmonic analysis, i.e. with part of the general theory of topological algebras (cf. [[Harmonic analysis, abstract|Harmonic analysis, abstract]]; [[Topological algebra|Topological algebra]]).

Let  $  G $
be a Lie group. A representation of  $  G $
in a general sense is any homomorphism  $  G \rightarrow  \mathop{\rm GL} ( E) $, 
where GL $  ( E) $
is the group of all invertible linear transformations of the vector space  $  E $. 
If  $  E $
is a topological vector space, the homomorphisms which are usually considered are those with values in the algebra  $  C ( E) $
of all continuous linear transformations of  $  E $
or in the algebra  $  S( E) $
of all weakly-continuous transformations of  $  E $. 
The algebras  $  C( E) $
and  $  S( E) $
have one of the standard topologies (for example, the weak or the strong). A representation  $  \phi $
is said to be continuous (separately continuous) if the vector function  $  \phi ( g) \xi $
is continuous (separately continuous) on  $  G \times E $. 
If  $  E $
is a quasi-complete [[Barrelled space|barrelled space]], any separately continuous representation is continuous. A continuous representation  $  \phi $
is called differentiable (analytic) if the operator function  $  \phi ( g) $
is differentiable (analytic) on  $  G $. 
The dimension of a representation  $  \phi $
is the dimension of  $  E $. 
The most important example of a representation of a group  $  G $
is its [[Regular representation|regular representation]]  $  \phi ( g) f( x) = f( xg) $, 
$  x, g \in G $, 
which can be defined on some class of functions  $  f $
on  $  G $. 
If  $  G $
is a Lie group, its regular representation is continuous in  $  C( G) $
and in  $  L _ {p} ( G) $ (where  $  L _ {p} ( G) $
is defined with respect to the [[Haar measure|Haar measure]] on  $  G $), 
and is differentiable in  $  C  ^  \infty  ( G) $ (with respect to the standard topology in  $  C  ^  \infty  ( G) $: 
the topology of compact convergence). Every continuous [[Finite-dimensional representation|finite-dimensional representation]] of a group  $  G $
is analytic. If  $  G $
is a complex Lie group, it is natural to consider its complex-analytic (holomorphic) representations as well. As a rule, only continuous representations are considered in the theory of representations of Lie groups, and the continuity condition is not explicitly stipulated. If the group  $  G $
is compact, all its irreducible (continuous) representations are finite-dimensional. Similarly, if  $  G $
is a semi-simple complex Lie group, all its irreducible holomorphic representations are finite-dimensional.

==Relation to representations of group algebras.==
The most important group algebras for Lie groups are the algebra  $  L _ {1} ( G) $; 
the algebra  $  C  ^ {*} ( G) $, 
which is the completion of  $  L _ {1} ( G) $
in the smallest regular norm (cf. [[Algebra of functions|Algebra of functions]]);  $  C _ {0}  ^  \infty  ( G) $— 
the algebra of all infinitely-differentiable functions on  $  G $
with compact support;  $  M( G) $— 
the algebra of all complex Radon measures with compact support on  $  G $; 
$  D( G) $— 
the algebra of all generalized functions (Schwarz distributions) on G with compact support; and also, for a complex Lie group, the algebra  $  A( G) $
of all analytic functionals over  $  G $. 
The linear spaces  $  M( G) $, 
$  D( G) $, 
$  A( G) $
are dual to, respectively,  $  C( G) $, 
$  C  ^  \infty  ( G) $, 
$  H( G) $, 
where  $  H( G) $
is the set of all holomorphic functions on  $  G $ (with the topology of compact convergence). All these algebras have a natural topology. In particular,  $  L _ {1} ( G) $
is a [[Banach algebra|Banach algebra]]. The product (convolution) of two elements  $  a, b \in A $, 
where  $  A $
is one of the group algebras indicated above, is defined by the equality

$$ 
ab ( g)  =  \int\limits a ( gh  ^ {- 1} ) b ( h)  dh
$$

with respect to a right-invariant measure on  $  G $, 
with a natural extension of this operation to the class of generalized functions. The integral formula

$$ 
\phi ( a)  =  \int\limits a ( g) \phi ( g)  dg,\ \ 
a \in A ,
$$

establishes a natural connection between the representations of the group  $  G $
and the representations of the algebra  $  A $ (if the integral is correctly defined): If the integral is weakly convergent and defines an operator  $  \phi ( a) \in S( E) $
for each  $  a \in A $, 
then the mapping  $  a \rightarrow \phi ( a) $
is a homomorphism. One then says that the representation  $  \phi ( g) $
of the group  $  G $
is extended to the representation  $  \phi ( a) $
of the algebra  $  A $, 
or that it is an  $  A $-representation. Conversely, all weakly-continuous non-degenerate representations of the algebra  $  A $
are determined, in accordance with the formula above, by some representation of the group  $  G $ (weakly continuous for  $  A = M( G) $, 
weakly differentiable for  $  A = D( G) $, 
weakly analytic for  $  A = A( G) $). 
This correspondence preserves all natural relations between the representations, such as topological irreducibility or equivalence. If  $  G $
is a unimodular group, its unitary representations (in Hilbert spaces, cf. [[Unitary representation|Unitary representation]]) correspond to symmetric representations of the algebra  $  L _ {1} ( G) $
with respect to the involution in  $  L _ {1} ( G) $ (cf. [[Group algebra|Group algebra]]; [[Involution representation|Involution representation]]). If  $  E $
is a sequentially complete, locally convex Hausdorff space, any continuous representation of a group  $  G $
in  $  E $
is an  $  M( G) $-representation. If, moreover, the representation of the group  $  G $
is differentiable, it is a  $  D ( G) $-representation. In particular, if  $  E $
is a reflexive or a quasi-complete barrelled space, any separately-continuous representation  $  \phi ( g) $
is an  $  M( G) $-representation, and  $  \phi ( a) \in C( E) $
for all  $  a \in M( G) $.

==The infinitesimal method.==
If a representation  $  \phi ( g) $
is differentiable, it is infinitely often differentiable, and the space  $  E $
has the structure of a  $  \mathfrak g $-
module, where  $  \mathfrak g $
is the [[Lie algebra|Lie algebra]] of the group  $  G $, 
by considering the Lie infinitesimal operators:

$$ 
\phi ( a)  = \ 
{
\frac{d}{dt}
 } \phi ( e  ^ {ta} ) _ {t = 0 }  ,\ \ 
a \in \mathfrak g .
$$

The operators  $  \phi ( a) $
form a representation of the algebra  $  \mathfrak g $, 
called the differential representation  $  \phi ( g) $. 
A vector  $  \xi \in E $
is said to be differentiable (with respect to  $  \phi ( g) $) 
if the vector function  $  \phi ( g) \xi $
is differentiable on  $  G $. 
A vector  $  \xi \in E $
is said to be analytic if  $  \phi ( g) \xi $
is an analytic function in a neighbourhood of the unit  $  e \in G $. 
If  $  \phi ( g) $
is a  $  C _ {0}  ^  \infty  ( G) $-representation, the space  $  V( E) $
of all infinitely-differentiable vectors is everywhere-dense in  $  E $. 
In particular, this is true for all continuous representations in a Banach space; moreover, in this case [[#References|[4]]] the space  $  W( E) $
of analytic vectors is everywhere-dense in  $  E $. 
The differential representation  $  \phi ( g) $
in  $  V( E) $
may be reducible, even if  $  \phi ( g) $
is topologically irreducible in  $  E $. 
To two equivalent representations of  $  G $
correspond equivalent differential representations in  $  V( E) $ ($  W( E) $); 
the converse is, generally speaking, not true. For unitary representations in Hilbert spaces  $  E $, 
$  H $
it follows from the equivalence of differential representations in  $  W( E) $, 
$  W( H) $
that the representations are equivalent [[#References|[7]]]. In the finite-dimensional case a representation of a connected Lie group can be uniquely reproduced from its differential representation. A representation of the algebra  $  \mathfrak g $
is said to be integrable ( $  G $-integrable) if it coincides with a differential representation of the group  $  G $
in a subspace which is everywhere-dense in the representation space. Integrability criteria are now (1988) known only in isolated cases [[#References|[4]]]. If  $  G $
is simply connected, all finite-dimensional representations of the algebra  $  \mathfrak g $
are  $  G $-
integrable.

==Irreducible representations.==
One of the main tasks of the theory of representations is the classification of all irreducible representations (cf. [[Irreducible representation|Irreducible representation]]) of a given group  $  G $, 
defined up to an equivalence, using a suitable definition of the concepts of irreducibility and equivalence. Thus, the following two problems are of interest: 1) the description of the set  $  \widehat{G}  $
of all unitary equivalence classes of irreducible unitary representations of a group  $  G $; 
and 2) the description of the set  $  \widetilde{G}  $
of all Fell equivalence classes [[#References|[7]]] of totally-irreducible representations (also called completely-irreducible representations) of a group  $  G $. 
For semi-simple Lie groups with a finite centre, Fell equivalence is equivalent to Naimark equivalence [[#References|[7]]], and the natural imbedding  $  \widehat{G}  \rightarrow \widetilde{G}  $
holds. The sets  $  \widehat{G}  $, 
$  \widetilde{G}  $
have a natural topology, and their topologies are not necessarily Hausdorff [[#References|[5]]]. If  $  G $
is a compact Lie group, then  $  \widetilde{G}  = \widehat{G}  $
is a discrete space. The description of the set  $  \widehat{G}  $
in such a case is due to E. Cartan and H. Weyl. The linear envelope  $  \gamma ( G) $
of matrix entries of the group  $  G $ (i.e. of matrix entries of the representations  $  \phi \in \widehat{G}  $) 
here forms a subalgebra in  $  C _ {0}  ^  \infty  ( G) $ (the algebra of spherical functions) which is everywhere-dense in  $  C( G) $
and in  $  C  ^  \infty  ( G) $. 
The matrix entries form a basis in  $  C  ^  \infty  ( G) $. 
If the matrices of all representations  $  \phi \in \widehat{G}  $
are defined in a basis with respect to which they are unitary, the corresponding matrix entries form an orthogonal basis in  $  L _ {2} ( G) $ (the Peter–Weyl theorem). If the group  $  G $
is not compact, its irreducible representations are usually infinite-dimensional. A method for constructing such representations analogous to the classical matrix groups was proposed by I.M. Gel'fand and M.A. Naimark [[#References|[1]]], and became the starting point of an intensive development of the theory of unitary infinite-dimensional representations. G.W. Mackey's [[#References|[5]]] theory of induced representations is a generalization of this method to arbitrary Lie groups. The general theory of non-unitary representations in locally convex vector spaces, which began to develop in the 1950's, is based to a great extent on the theory of topological vector spaces and on the theory of generalized functions. A detailed description of  $  \widetilde{G}  $ ($  \widehat{G}  $) 
is known (1988) for isolated classes of Lie groups (semi-simple complex, nilpotent and certain solvable Lie groups, as well as for their semi-direct products).

Let  $  G $
be a semi-simple Lie group with a finite centre, let  $  \phi $
be an  $  M( G) $-representation in the space  $  E $
and let  $  K $
be a compact subgroup in  $  G $. 
A vector  $  \xi \in E $
is said to be  $  K $-finite if its cyclic envelope is finite-dimensional with respect to  $  K $. 
The subspace  $  V $
of all  $  K $-finite vectors is everywhere-dense in  $  E $
and is the direct (algebraic) sum of subspaces  $  V  ^  \lambda  $, 
$  \lambda \in \widehat{K}  $, 
where  $  V  ^  \lambda  $
is the maximal subspace in  $  V $
in which the representation of  $  K $
is a multiple of  $  \lambda $. 
A representation  $  \phi $
is said to be  $  K $-
finite if  $  { \mathop{\rm dim} }  V  ^  \lambda  < \infty $
for all  $  \lambda $. 
A subgroup  $  K $
is said to be massive (large or rich) if every totally-irreducible representation of  $  G $
is  $  K $-
finite. The following fact is of paramount importance in the theory of representations: If  $  K $
is a maximal compact subgroup in  $  G $, 
then  $  K $
is massive. If the vectors of  $  V $
are differentiable,  $  V $
is invariant with respect to the differential  $  d \phi $
of the representation  $  \phi $. 
The representation  $  \phi $
is said to be normal if it is  $  K $-
finite and if the vectors of  $  V $
are weakly analytic. If  $  \phi $
is normal, there exists a one-to-one mapping (defined by restriction to  $  V $) 
between closed submodules of the  $  G $-
module  $  \phi $
and submodules of the  $  \mathfrak g $-
module  $  \phi _ {0} = d \phi \mid  _ {V} $, 
where  $  \mathfrak g $
is the Lie algebra of the group  $  G $[[#References|[7]]]. Thus, the study of normal representations can be algebraized by the infinitesimal method. An example of a normal representation of the group  $  G $
is its principal series representation  $  e( \alpha ) $. 
This representation is totally irreducible for points  $  \alpha $
in general position. In the general case  $  e( \alpha ) $
can be decomposed into a finite composition series the factors of which are totally irreducible. Any quasi-simple irreducible representation of the group  $  G $
in a Banach space is infinitesimally equivalent to one of the factors of  $  e( \alpha ) $
for a given  $  \alpha $. 
This is also true for totally-irreducible representations of  $  G $
in quasi-complete locally convex spaces. If  $  G $
is real or complex, it is sufficient to consider subrepresentations of  $  e( \alpha ) $
instead of its factors [[#References|[7]]]. In the simplest case of  $  G =  \mathop{\rm SL} ( 2, \mathbf C ) $, 
the representation  $  e( \alpha ) $
is defined by a pair of complex numbers  $  p, q $
with integral difference  $  p - q $, 
and operates in accordance with the right-shift formula  $  \phi ( g) f( x) = f( xg) $, 
$  x = ( x _ {1} , x _ {2} ) $, 
$  g \in G $, 
on the space of all functions  $  f \in C  ^  \infty  ( \mathbf C  ^ {2} \setminus  \{ 0 \} ) $
which satisfy the homogeneity condition  $  f( \lambda x _ {1} , \lambda x _ {2} ) = \lambda ^ {p- 1 } {\overline \lambda \; } {} ^ {q- 1 } f( x _ {1} , x _ {2} ) $. 
If  $  p $
and  $  q $
are positive integers,  $  e( \alpha ) $
contains the irreducible finite-dimensional subrepresentation  $  d( \alpha ) $ (in the class of polynomials in  $  x _ {1} , x _ {2} $), 
the factors of which are totally irreducible. If  $  p $
and  $  q $
are negative integers,  $  e( \alpha ) $
has a dual structure. In all other cases the module  $  e ( \alpha ) $
is totally irreducible. In such a case  $  \widetilde{G}  $
is in one-to-one correspondence with the set of pairs  $  ( p, q) $, 
where  $  p - q $
is an integer, factorized with respect to the relation  $  ( p, q) \sim (- p, - q) $. 
The subset  $  \widehat{G}  $
consists of the representations of the basis series ( $  ( p+ q) $
is purely imaginary) (cf. [[Series of representations|Series of representations]]), the complementary series  $  ( 0 \leq  p = q < 1) $
and the trivial (unique) representation  $  \delta _ {0} $, 
which results if  $  p = q = 1 $. 
Let  $  G $
be a semi-simple connected complex Lie group, let  $  B $
be its maximal solvable (Borel) subgroup, let  $  M $
be a maximal torus, let  $  H = MA $
be a Cartan subgroup, and let  $  \alpha $
be a character of the group  $  H $ (extended to  $  B $). 
Then  $  \widetilde{G}  $
is in one-to-one correspondence with  $  A/W $, 
where  $  A $
is the set of all characters  $  \alpha $
and  $  W = W _ {1} $
is the [[Weyl group|Weyl group]] of the complex algebra  $  \mathfrak g $[[#References|[7]]]. For characters in "general position" the representation  $  e ( \alpha ) $
is totally irreducible. The description of the set  $  \widehat{G}  $
is reduced to the study of the positive definiteness of certain bilinear forms, but the ultimate description is as yet (1988) unknown. Of special interest to real groups are the so-called [[Discrete series (of representations)|discrete series (of representations)]] (direct sums in  $  L _ {2} ( G) $). 
All irreducible representations of the discrete series are classified [[#References|[3]]] by describing the characters of these representations.

For nilpotent connected Lie groups [[#References|[8]]] the set  $  \widehat{G}  $
is equivalent to  $  \mathfrak g  ^  \prime  /G $, 
where  $  \mathfrak g  ^  \prime  $
is the linear space dual to  $  \mathfrak g $, 
and the action of  $  G $
in  $  \mathfrak g  ^  \prime  $
is conjugate with the adjoint representation on  $  \mathfrak g $[[#References|[9]]]. The correspondence is established by the [[Orbit method|orbit method]] [[#References|[8]]]. A subalgebra  $  \mathfrak h \subset  \mathfrak g $
is called the polarization of an element  $  f \in \mathfrak g  ^  \prime  $
if  $  f $
annihilates  $  [ \mathfrak h, \mathfrak h ] $
and if

$$ 
 \mathop{\rm dim}  \mathfrak h  = \ 
 \mathop{\rm dim}  \mathfrak g - {
\frac{1}{2}
 }  \mathop{\rm dim}  \Omega ,
$$

where  $  \Omega $
is the orbit of  $  f $
with respect to  $  G $ (all orbits are even-dimensional). If  $  H $
is the corresponding analytic subgroup in  $  G $
and  $  \alpha = e  ^ {f} $
is a character of  $  H $, 
the representation  $  u( \alpha ) $
corresponding to  $  f $
is induced by  $  \alpha $. 
Here,  $  u( \alpha _ {1} ) $
is equivalent to  $  u( \alpha _ {2} ) $
if and only if the corresponding functionals  $  f _ {1} , f _ {2} $
lie on the same orbit  $  \Omega $. 
In the simple case of the group  $  G = Z( 3) $
of all unipotent matrices with respect to a fixed basis in  $  \mathbf C  ^ {3} $, 
the orbits of general position in  $  \mathbf C  ^ {3} = \{ ( \lambda , \mu , \nu ) \} $
are the two-dimensional planes  $  \lambda = \textrm{ const } \neq 0 $
and the points  $  ( \mu , \nu ) $
in the plane  $  \lambda = 0 $. 
To each orbit in general position corresponds an irreducible representation  $  u( \alpha ) $
of the group  $  G $, 
determined by the formula

$$ 
u ( \alpha , g) f ( t)  =  a ( t, g) f ( t, g),\ \ 
- \infty < t < \infty ,
$$

in the Hilbert space  $  E = L _ {2} (- \infty , \infty ) $. 
The infinitesimal operators of this representation coincide with the operators  $  d/dt $, 
$  i \lambda t $, 
$  i \lambda I $, 
where  $  I $
is the identity operator on  $  E $. 
This result is equivalent to the Stone–von Neumann theorem on self-adjoint operators  $  P $, 
$  Q $
with the commutator relationship  $  [ P, Q] = i \lambda I $. 
To each point  $  ( \mu , \nu ) $
corresponds a one-dimensional representation (a character) of  $  Z( 3) $. 
The set  $  \widetilde{G}  $
is then described in an analogous way, with values of the parameters  $  \lambda , \mu , \nu $
in the complex domain. This method of orbits can be naturally generalized to solvable connected Lie groups and even to arbitrary Lie groups; in the general case the orbits to be considered are orbits in  $  \mathfrak g _ {\mathbf C }   ^  \prime  $(
where  $  {\mathfrak g } _ {\mathbf C }   ^  \prime  $
is the complexification of  $  \mathfrak g  ^  \prime  $), 
which satisfy certain integer conditions [[#References|[8]]].

The study of the general case is reduced, to a certain extent, to the two cases considered above by means of the theory of induced representations [[#References|[5]]], which permits one to describe the irreducible unitary representations of a semi-direct product  $  G = HN $
with normal subgroup  $  N $
in terms of irreducible representations of  $  N $
and of certain subgroups of the group  $  H $ (in view of the Levi–Mal'tsev theorem, cf. [[Levi–Mal'tsev decomposition|Levi–Mal'tsev decomposition]]). In practice, this method is only effective if the radical is commutative. Another method for studying  $  \widetilde{G}  $ (and also  $  \widehat{G}  $) 
is the description of the characters of the irreducible unitary representations of  $  G $; 
the set of such characters is in one-to-one correspondence with  $  \widehat{G}  $. 
The validity of the general formula for characters, proposed by A.A. Kirillov [[#References|[8]]], has been verified (1988) only for a few special classes of Lie groups.

==Harmonic analysis of functions on  $  G $.==
For a compact Lie group, the harmonic analysis is reduced to the expansion of functions  $  f( x) $, 
$  x \in G $, 
into generalized Fourier series by the matrix entries of the group  $  G $ (the Peter–Weyl theorem for  $  L _ {2} ( G) $
and its analogues for other function classes). For non-compact Lie groups the foundations of harmonic analysis were laid in [[#References|[1]]] by the introduction of the generalized Fourier transform

$$ 
F ( \alpha )  =  \int\limits f ( x) e ( \alpha , x)  dx,
$$

where  $  e( \alpha , x) $
is the operator of the elementary representation  $  e( \alpha ) $
and  $  dx $
is the Haar measure on  $  G $, 
and by the introduction of the inversion formula (in analogy to the [[Plancherel formula|Plancherel formula]]) for  $  L _ {2} ( G) $
for the case of classical matrix groups  $  G $. 
This result was generalized to locally compact unimodular groups (the abstract [[Plancherel theorem|Plancherel theorem]]). The Fourier transform converts convolution of functions on the group to multiplication of their (operator) Fourier images  $  F( \alpha ) $
and is accordingly a very important tool in the study of group algebras. If  $  G $
is a semi-simple Lie group, the operators  $  F( \alpha ) $
satisfy structure relations of the form

$$ 
A _ {s} ( \alpha ) F ( \alpha )  =  F ( s \alpha ) A _ {s} ( \alpha ),
$$

$  s \in W _ {i} $, 
$  i = 1, 2 $, 
where  $  A _ {s} ( \alpha ) $
are intertwining operators,  $  W _ {1} $
is the Weyl group of the symmetric space  $  G/K $ ($  K $
is a maximal compact subgroup in  $  G $), 
and  $  W _ {2} $
is the Weyl group of the algebra  $  \mathfrak g _ {\mathbf C} $, 
where  $  \mathfrak g _ {\mathbf C} $
is the complexification of the Lie algebra of the group  $  G $. 
If the functions  $  f( x) $
have compact support, the operator functions  $  F( \alpha ) $
are entire functions of the complex parameter  $  \alpha $. 
For the group algebras  $  C _ {0}  ^  \infty  ( G) $, 
$  D( G) $, 
where  $  G $
is a semi-simple connected complex Lie group, analogues of the classical [[Paley–Wiener theorem|Paley–Wiener theorem]] [[#References|[7]]] are known; these are descriptions of the images of these algebras under Fourier transformation. These results permit one to study the structure of a group algebra, its ideals and representations; in particular, they are used in the classification of irreducible representations of a group  $  G $. 
Analogues of the Paley–Wiener theorem are also known for certain nilpotent (metabelian) Lie groups and for groups of motions of a Euclidean space.

==Problems of spectral analysis.==
For unitary representations of Lie groups a general procedure is known for the decomposition of the representation into a direct integral of irreducible representations [[#References|[5]]]. The problem consists of finding analytical methods which would realize this decomposition for specific classes of groups and their representations, and in the establishment of uniqueness criteria of such a decomposition. For nilpotent Lie groups a method is known for the restriction of an irreducible representation  $  \phi $
of a group  $  G $
to a subgroup  $  G _ {0} $ (cf. [[Orbit method|Orbit method]]). For non-unitary representations, the task itself must be formulated more precisely, since the property of total reducibility lacks in the class of such representations. In several cases, not the group  $  G $
itself is considered, but rather one of its group algebras  $  A $, 
and the problem of [[Spectral analysis|spectral analysis]] is treated as the study of two-sided ideals of the algebra  $  A $. 
The problem of spectral analysis (and [[Spectral synthesis|spectral synthesis]]) is also closely connected with the problem of approximation of functions on the group  $  G $
or on the homogeneous space  $  G/H $, 
where  $  H $
is a subgroup, by linear combinations of matrix entries of the group  $  G $.

==Applications to mathematical physics.==
Cartan was the first to note the connection between the theory of representations of Lie groups and the special functions of mathematical physics. It was subsequently established that the principal classes of functions are closely connected with the representations of classical matrix groups [[#References|[10]]]. In fact, the existence of this connection throws light on fundamental problems in the theory of special functions: the properties of completeness and orthogonality, differential and recurrence relations, addition theorems, etc., and also makes it possible to detect new relationships and classes of functions. All these functions are matrix entries of classical groups or their modifications (characters, spherical functions). The theory of expansion with respect to these functions forms part of the general harmonic analysis on a homogeneous space  $  G/H $. 
The fundamental role played by the theory of Lie groups in mathematical physics, particularly in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, is due to the presence of a group of symmetries (at least approximately) in the fundamental equations of this theory. Classical examples of such symmetries include Einstein's relativity principle (with respect to the Lorentz group), the connection between Mendeleev's table and the representations of the rotation group, the theory of isotopic spin, unitary symmetry of elementary particles, etc. The connection with theoretical physics had a stimulating effect on the development of the general theory of representations of Lie groups.

====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> I.M. Gel'fand, M.A. Naimark, "Unitäre Darstellungen der klassischen Gruppen" , Akademie Verlag (1957) (Translated from Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> N. Bourbaki, "Elements of mathematics. Integration" , Addison-Wesley (1975) pp. Chapt.6;7;8 (Translated from French) {{MR|0583191}} {{ZBL|1116.28002}} {{ZBL|1106.46005}} {{ZBL|1106.46006}} {{ZBL|1182.28002}} {{ZBL|1182.28001}} {{ZBL|1095.28002}} {{ZBL|1095.28001}} {{ZBL|0156.06001}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A. Borel, "Repŕesentations de groupes localement compacts" , Springer (1972) {{MR|0414779}} {{ZBL|0242.22007}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> E. Nelson, "Analytic vectors" ''Ann. of Math.'' , '''70''' (1959) pp. 572–615 {{MR|0107176}} {{ZBL|0091.10704}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[5]</TD> <TD valign="top"> G.W. Mackey, "Infinite-dimensional group representations" ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' , '''69''' (1963) pp. 628–686 {{MR|0153784}} {{ZBL|0136.11502}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[6]</TD> <TD valign="top"> M.A. Naimark, "Infinite-dimensional representations of groups and related problems" ''Itogi Nauk. Ser. Mat.'' : 2 (1964) pp. 38–82 (In Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[7]</TD> <TD valign="top"> D.P. Zhelobenko, "Harmonic analysis of functions on semi-simple complex Lie groups" , Moscow (1974) (In Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[8]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A.A. Kirillov, "Elements of the theory of representations" , Springer (1976) (Translated from Russian) {{MR|0412321}} {{ZBL|0342.22001}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[9]</TD> <TD valign="top"> G. Warner, "Harmonic analysis on semi-simple Lie groups" , '''1''' , Springer (1972) {{MR|0499000}} {{MR|0498999}} {{ZBL|0265.22021}} {{ZBL|0265.22020}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[10]</TD> <TD valign="top"> N.Ya. Vilenkin, "Special functions and the theory of group representations" , Amer. Math. Soc. (1968) (Translated from Russian) {{MR|0229863}} {{ZBL|0172.18404}} </TD></TR></table>

====Comments====
The notions of a differentiable or analytic representation are commonly related to the strong topology [[#References|[9]]].

The algebra  $  D ( G) $ (of generalized functions on  $  G $
with compact support) is usually denoted by  $  E  ^  \prime  ( G) $
in the West. The notation  $  D ( G) $, if used, is then a synonym for  $  C _ {0}  ^  \infty  ( G) $.

Recently (1986),  $  \widehat{G}  $
has been determined for  $  G =  \mathop{\rm SL} ( n , K ) $, 
where  $  K $
is the field of real or complex numbers or the skew-field of quaternions (D.A. Vogan), for  $  G $
a complex simple Lie group of real rank 2 (M. Duflo) and for  $  G $
a split-rank or semi-simple real Lie group (Baldoni–Silva–Barbasch). For a survey of the current state-of-affairs see [[#References|[a3]]], [[#References|[a5]]].

An analogue of the Paley–Wiener theorem is also known for real reductive Lie groups (cf. [[#References|[a7]]], [[#References|[a10]]]).

====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> J. Dixmier, "<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/i/i050/i050840/i050840367.png" /> algebras" , North-Holland (1977) (Translated from French) {{MR|0498740}} {{MR|0458185}} {{ZBL|0372.46058}} {{ZBL|0346.17010}} {{ZBL|0339.17007}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> Harish-Chandra, "Collected papers" , '''1–4''' , Springer (1984) {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0652.01036}} {{ZBL|0561.01030}} {{ZBL|0561.01029}} {{ZBL|0546.01015}} {{ZBL|0546.01014}} {{ZBL|0546.01013}} {{ZBL|0541.01013}} {{ZBL|0527.01020}} {{ZBL|0527.01019}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> D.A. Vogan, "Representations of real reductive Lie groups" , Birkhäuser (1981) {{MR|0632407}} {{ZBL|0469.22012}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> W. Casselman, D. Miličić, "Asymptotic behaviour of matrix coefficients of admissible representations" ''Duke. Math. J.'' , '''49''' (1982) pp. 869–930</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a5]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A.W. Knapp, B. Speh, "Status of classification of irreducible unitary representations" F. Ricci (ed.) G. Weiss (ed.) , ''Harmonic analysis'' , ''Lect. notes in math.'' , '''908''' , Springer (1982) pp. 1–38 {{MR|0654177}} {{ZBL|0496.22018}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a6]</TD> <TD valign="top"> M. Duflo, "Construction de représentations unitaires d'un groupe de Lie" , ''Harmonic analysis and group representations'' , C.I.M.E. &amp; Liguousi (1982) {{MR|0777341}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a7]</TD> <TD valign="top"> J. Arthur, "A Paley–Wiener theorem for real reductive groups" ''Acta. Math.'' , '''150''' (1983) pp. 1–89 {{MR|0697608}} {{MR|0733803}} {{ZBL|0533.43005}} {{ZBL|0514.22006}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a8]</TD> <TD valign="top"> W. Rossman, "Kirillov's character formula for reductive Lie groups" ''Invent. Math.'' , '''48''' (1978) pp. 207–220</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a9]</TD> <TD valign="top"> M. Duflo, G. Heckman, M. Vergne, "Projection d'orbites, formule de Kirillov et formule de Blattner" ''Mém. Soc. Math. France Nouvelle Série'' , '''15''' (1985) pp. 65–128 {{MR|0789081}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a10]</TD> <TD valign="top"> P. Delorme, "Théorème de type Paley–Wiener pour les groupes de Lie semi-simple réels avec une seule classe de conjugaison de sous-groupes de Cartan" ''J. Funct. Anal.'' , '''47''' (1982) pp. 26–63</TD></TR></table>