View source for Finiteness theorems

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A finiteness theorem in algebraic geometry is an assertion about the various objects in algebraic geometry (cohomology spaces, algebraic varieties, schemes, fibrations, etc.), stating that these objects depend on finitely many parameters or even form finite sets.

The first circle of finiteness theorems relates to cohomology spaces of coherent algebraic sheaves. The fundamental theorem states that these spaces are finite-dimensional over the ground field  $  k $
if the variety is proper (for  $  k = \mathbf C $
this property is equivalent to compactness) (see [[#References|[2]]]). Far-reaching generalizations of this theorem have been obtained in the theory of schemes. One of them generalizes the theorem to the case of proper morphisms of schemes and asserts that the direct image of a [[Coherent sheaf|coherent sheaf]] under such a mapping is coherent (see [[#References|[3]]], [[#References|[4]]]). Another generalization relates to the study of the cohomology of improper varieties. It turns out that if the variety  $  X $
under discussion is obtained by the excision of some subvariety  $  Y $
from a proper variety, then it is possible to estimate the dimensions in which the cohomology groups are finite-dimensional. These estimates depend on the codimension of  $  Y $
and on properties of its singular points (see [[#References|[5]]], [[#References|[6]]]). Corresponding results are known for étale cohomology.

Another circle of finiteness theorems relates to subschemes and, more generally, to coherent sheaves over a fixed proper scheme. These objects can be parametrized in a very general situation by Hilbert schemes (or by Picard schemes in the case of invertible sheaves, cf. [[Hilbert scheme|Hilbert scheme]]; [[Picard scheme|Picard scheme]]). The most general of these finiteness theorems asserts that such schemes are quasi-projective if one restricts oneself to subschemes or to sheaves with one and the same [[Hilbert polynomial|Hilbert polynomial]] [[#References|[4]]]. A special case is the fact that algebraic subvarieties of given degree in a projective space depend on finitely many parameters, as well as the theorem stating that the [[Néron–Severi group|Néron–Severi group]] has a finite basis.

These theorems find application in a wide range of finiteness problems that arise in Diophantine geometry. Among them are: the question of the finiteness of the set of rational points of an algebraic variety defined over a global field (the multi-dimensional analogue of the [[Mordell conjecture|Mordell conjecture]]); Shafarevich's conjecture concerning the finiteness of the number of algebraic curves defined over a given global field and with fixed degeneracies; and the question about the finite generation of the group of rational points of an algebraic group.

====References====
<table>
<TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> J.-P. Serre, "Sur la cohomologie des variétés algébriques" ''J. Math. Pures Appl.'' , '''36''' : 5 (1957) pp. 1–16 {{MR|0083813}} {{ZBL|0078.34604}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> J.-P. Serre, "Faisceaux algébriques cohérents" ''Ann. of Math.'' , '''61''' (1955) pp. 197–238 {{MR|0068874}} {{ZBL|0067.16201}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A. Grothendieck, "Eléments de géométrie algébrique III" ''Publ. Math. IHES'' , '''17''' (1963) pp. Chapt. 3, Part 2 {{MR|0163911}} {{ZBL|0118.36206}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A. Grothendieck, "Fondements de la géométrie algébrique" , Secr. Math. Univ. Paris (1961/62) (Extracts Sem. Bourbaki 1957–1962) {{MR|1611235}} {{MR|1086880}} {{MR|0146040}} {{ZBL|0239.14002}} {{ZBL|0239.14001}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[5]</TD> <TD valign="top"> R. Hartshorne, "Ample subvarieties of algebraic varieties" , Springer (1970) {{MR|0282977}} {{ZBL|0208.48901}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[6]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A. Ogus, "Local cohomological dimension of algebraic varieties" ''Ann. of Math.'' , '''98''' : 2 (1973) pp. 327–365 {{MR|0506248}} {{ZBL|0308.14003}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[7]</TD> <TD valign="top"> I.R. Shafarevich, "Algebraic number fields" , ''Proc. Internat. Congress mathematicians (Stockholm, 1962)'' , Inst. Mittag-Leffler (1963) pp. 163–176 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0199.09802}} {{ZBL|0057.27401}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[8]</TD> <TD valign="top"> S.Yu. Arakelov, "Families of algebraic curves with fixed degeneracies" ''Math. USSR Izv.'' , '''5''' : 6 (1971) pp. 1277–1302 ''Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Math.'' , '''35''' : 6 (1971) pp. 1269–1293 {{MR|0321933}} {{ZBL|0248.14004}} </TD></TR>
</table>

====Comments====
A major recent development is the proof by G. Faltings (cf. [[#References|[a1]]]) of the conjectures of Mordell and Shafarevich (in the case of number fields). The functional case was settled before by S.Yu. Arakelov [[#References|[8]]]. See [[#References|[a3]]] for a brief description of Faltings' work. See [[#References|[a4]]] for finiteness results for algebraic cycles.

====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> G. Faltings, "Endlichkeitssätze für abelsche Varietäten über Zahlkörpern" ''Invent. Math.'' , '''73''' (1983) pp. 349–366 (Erratum: Invent. Math. f0403706.png (1984), 381) {{MR|0718935}} {{MR|0732554}} {{ZBL|0588.14026}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> R. Hartshorne, "Algebraic geometry" , Springer (1977) pp. Sect. IV.2 {{MR|0463157}} {{ZBL|0367.14001}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> B. Mazur, "On some of the mathematical contributions of Gerd Faltings" , ''Proc. Internat. Congress Mathematicians (Berkeley, 1986)'' , Amer. Math. Soc. (1987) pp. 7–12 {{MR|0934210}} {{ZBL|0663.01002}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> S.L. Kleiman, "Finiteness theorem for algebraic cycles" , ''Proc. Internat. Congress Mathematicians (Nice, 1970)'' , '''1''' , Gauthier-Villars (1971) pp. 445–449 {{MR|0424807}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR></table>

Finiteness theorems in the theory of analytic spaces are criteria for the finite dimensionality of cohomology groups with values in coherent analytic sheaves (cf. [[Coherent analytic sheaf|Coherent analytic sheaf]]). The first general theorem of this kind was the Cartan–Serre finiteness theorem [[#References|[1]]]: If  $  X $
is a compact complex space and  $  {\mathcal F} $
is a coherent analytic sheaf on  $  X $, 
then the cohomology spaces  $  H ^{k} (X,\  {\mathcal F} ) $
are finite-dimensional and Hausdorff for all  $  k \geq 0 $. 
A generalization of this theorem to the case of convex-concave spaces [[#References|[2]]], [[#References|[3]]] asserts: If  $  X $
is a strictly  $  (p,\  q) $-
convex-concave space (see [[Pseudo-convex and pseudo-concave|Pseudo-convex and pseudo-concave]]) and  $  {\mathcal F} $
is a coherent analytic sheaf on  $  X $, 
then  $  H ^{k} (X,\  {\mathcal F} ) $
is finite-dimensional for  $  p \leq k \leq  \mathop{\rm prof}\nolimits \  {\mathcal F} - q - 1 $
and Hausdorff for  $  p \leq k \leq  \mathop{\rm prof}\nolimits \  {\mathcal F} - q $, 
while  $  H _{c} ^{k} ( X ,\  {\mathcal F} ) $
is finite-dimensional for  $  q +1 \leq k \leq  \mathop{\rm prof}\nolimits \  {\mathcal F} - p $
and Hausdorff for  $  q + 1 \leq k \leq  \mathop{\rm prof}\nolimits \  {\mathcal F} - p + 1 $.


Generalizations of the above theorems to the relative case are also finiteness theorems, that is, criteria for the coherence of the direct images of coherent sheaves. The following theorem of Grauert [[#References|[4]]], [[#References|[5]]] is a generalization of the Cartan–Serre theorem: If  $  \pi : \  X \rightarrow Y $
is a proper analytic mapping between complex spaces and  $  {\mathcal F} $
is a coherent analytic sheaf over  $  X $, 
then the direct images  $  R ^{k} \pi _{*} {\mathcal F} $
are coherent for all  $  k \geq 0 $. 
This property turns out to be sufficient for  $  \pi $
to be a proper mapping. Similar finiteness theorems have been proved for strictly  $  p $-
convex and strictly  $  q $-
concave mappings (see [[#References|[6]]]). The analogue of Grauert's theorem has been proved also for rigid analytic spaces (cf. [[Rigid analytic space|Rigid analytic space]]) over a field with a non-Archimedean valuation [[#References|[7]]].

Closely connected with finiteness theorems are theorems about estimates for the transcendence degree of fields of meromorphic functions on various classes of complex spaces (see [[Siegel theorem|Siegel theorem]]). A simple consequence of Grauert's theorem is the following theorem of Remmert [[#References|[4]]]: If  $  \pi : \  X \rightarrow Y $
is a proper analytic mapping between complex spaces and  $  Z $
is an analytic set in  $  X $, 
then  $  \pi (Z) $
is an analytic set in  $  Y $. 
This theorem carries over to the case of rigid spaces [[#References|[7]]].

====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> H. Cartan, J.-P. Serre, "Une théorème de finitude concernant les variétés analytiques compactes" ''C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris'' , '''237''' (1953) pp. 128–130 {{MR|66010}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A. Andreotti, G. Grauert, "Théorèmes de finitude pour la cohomologie des espaces complexes" ''Bull. Soc. Math. France'' , '''90''' (1962) pp. 193–259 {{MR|0150342}} {{ZBL|0154.33601}} {{ZBL|0106.05501}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top"> J.P. Ramis, "Théorèmes de séparation et de finitude pour l'homologie et la cohomologie des espaces <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/f/f040/f040370/f04037035.png" />-convexes-concaves" ''Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa Sci. Fis. Mat. Ser. 3'' , '''27''' : 4 (1973) pp. 933–997 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD> <TD valign="top"> G. Grauert, "Ein Theorem der analytischen Garbentheorie und die Modulräume Komplexer Strukturen" ''Publ. Math. IHES'' , '''5''' (1960) {{MR|0121814}} {{ZBL|0158.32901}} {{ZBL|0100.08001}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[5]</TD> <TD valign="top"> O. Stănăşilă, "Algebraic methods in the global theory of complex spaces" , Wiley (1976) (Translated from Rumanian) {{MR|0463470}} {{ZBL|0334.32001}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[6]</TD> <TD valign="top"> A.L. Onishchik, "Pseudoconvexity in the theory of complex spaces" ''J. Soviet Math.'' , '''14''' : 4 (1980) pp. 1363–1428 ''Itogi Nauk. Algebra Topol. Geom.'' , '''15''' (1977) pp. 93–171 {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0449.32020}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[7]</TD> <TD valign="top"> R. Kiehl, "Der Endlichkeitssatz für eigentliche Abbildungen in der nichtarchimedischen Funktionentheorie" ''Invent. Math.'' , '''2''' : 3 (1966) pp. 191–214 {{MR|0210948}} {{ZBL|0202.20101}} </TD></TR></table>

''A.L. Onishchik''

====Comments====


====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top"> H. Grauert, R. Remmert, "Coherent analytic sheaves" , Springer (1984) (Translated from German) {{MR|0755331}} {{ZBL|0537.32001}} </TD></TR></table>