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The basic ingredients for Eisenstein cohomology are a [[Reductive group|reductive group]] $G / \mathbf{Q}$, an arithmetic subgroup (cf. also [[Arithmetic group|Arithmetic group]]) $\Gamma \subset G ( \mathbf{Q} )$ and a rational representation $\rho : G / \mathbf{Q} \rightarrow \operatorname{GL} (\mathcal{M} )$ (cf. also [[Representation of a group|Representation of a group]]). The simplest example is given by the group $G = \operatorname{GL} _ { 2 } / \mathbf{Q}$, a congruence subgroup $\Gamma \subset \operatorname{GL} _ { 2 } ( \mathbf{Z} )$ with as representation the space of homogeneous polynomials of degree $n$,

\begin{equation*} \mathcal{M} _ { n } = \{ P ( X , Y ) = \sum _ { \nu = 0 } ^ { n } a _ { \nu } X ^ { \nu } Y ^ { n - \nu } : a _ { \nu } \in \mathbf{Q} \}, \end{equation*}

where $\gamma = \left( \begin{array} { l l } { a } &amp; { b } \\ { c } &amp; { d } \end{array} \right) \in \operatorname { GL} _ { 2 } ( \mathbf{Q} )$ acts by $\gamma P ( X , Y ) = P ( a X + c Y , b X + d Y ) \operatorname { det } ( \gamma ) ^ { d }$.

Starting from these data one can construct a [[Symmetric space|symmetric space]] $X = G ( {\bf R} ) / K _ { \infty }$, the locally symmetric space $\Gamma \backslash X$ and a sheaf $\widetilde { \mathcal{M} }$ on $\Gamma \backslash X$. In the example one can take $K _ { \infty } = \operatorname{SO} ( 2 ) \times Z ( \mathbf{R} ) ^ { 0 }$, where $Z ( \mathbf{R} ) ^ { 0 }$ is the connected component of the identity of the real points of the centre.

One can consider the cohomology groups $H ^ { \bullet } ( \Gamma \backslash X , \tilde { \mathcal{M} } )$. It is a consequence of reduction theory that they form a finite-dimensional (graded) vector space. It carries some further structure: It can be endowed with an action of the so-called Hecke algebra on it. It is a fundamental problem to understand these cohomology groups as a module under this action of the Hecke algebra.

If $\Gamma$ is torsion free, then $\Gamma \backslash X$ is a [[Riemannian manifold|Riemannian manifold]] with finite volume and sometimes it even carries the structure of a quasi-projective variety. If, for instance, $\Gamma \subset \operatorname {SL} _ { 2 } ( \mathbf Z )$, then $\Gamma \backslash X$ is a compact Riemann surface with a finite non-empty set of points removed.

Form the tensor product $\widetilde {\cal M } \otimes \bf C = \widetilde {\cal M }_C$. A method for investigating these cohomology groups is provided by the de Rham isomorphism

\begin{equation*} H ^ { \bullet } ( \Gamma \backslash X , \widetilde { \mathcal{M} \bigotimes \mathbf{C} } ) \overset{\sim}{\rightarrow} H ^ { \bullet } ( \Gamma \backslash X , \Omega ^ { \bullet } ( \widetilde { \mathcal{M} } _ { \mathbf{C} } ) ), \end{equation*}

where $\Omega ^ { \bullet } ( \tilde { \mathcal{M} } _ { \text{C} } )$ is the de Rham complex of $\widetilde { \cal M } _ {\bf C }$, and this de Rham complex is isomorphic to

\begin{equation*} \Omega ^ { \bullet } ( \tilde {\bf M } _ {\bf C } ) \overset{\sim}{\rightarrow} \operatorname { Hom } _ { K _ { \infty } } ( \Lambda ^ { \bullet } ( \mathfrak { g } / \mathfrak { k } ) , {\cal C} _ { \infty } ( \Gamma \backslash G ( {\bf R} ) \bigotimes {\cal M} _ {\bf C } ) ), \end{equation*}

where $\frak g$ (respectively, $\frak p$) is the [[Lie algebra|Lie algebra]] of $G ( \mathbf{R} )$ (respectively, $K _ { \infty }$).

This opens the door for the application of representation-theoretical methods, because $\mathcal{C} _ { \infty } ( \Gamma \backslash G ( \mathbf{R} ) \otimes M _ { \mathbf{C} } )$ is a module under the group $G ( \mathbf{R} )$.

However, since the quotient $\Gamma \backslash G ( \mathbf{R} )$ is not compact in general, one has to be careful: the space $\mathcal{C} _ { \infty } ( \Gamma \backslash G ( \mathbf{R} ) \otimes \mathcal{M} _ { \mathbf{C} } ) \not \subset L ^ { 2 } ( \Gamma \backslash G ( \mathbf{R} ) \otimes \mathcal{M} _ { \mathbf{C} } )$ and the Hilbert space technique of decomposing a module into irreducibles cannot be applied so easily. It is possible to define various subspaces, namely the space of cusp forms $\mathcal{C} _ { 0 } ( \Gamma \backslash G ( \mathbf{R} ) )$, or the space of compactly supported functions $\mathcal{C} _ { C } ( \Gamma \backslash G ( \mathbf{R} ) )$. These define subspaces in the [[Cohomology|cohomology]], namely the cuspidal cohomology and the so-called  "inner cohomology"  $H _ { ! } ^ { \bullet } ( \Gamma \backslash X , \tilde { \mathcal{M} } )$. Classes in one of theses subspaces vanish  "at infinity" . The cuspidal cohomology can be investigated using classical Hilbert space techniques; the space $L _ { 0 } ^ { 2 } ( \Gamma \backslash G ( \mathbf{R} ) )$ is a countable sum of irreducible subspaces under the action of $G ( \mathbf{R} )$.

One wants to understand the rest of the cohomology. To that end one can embed the locally symmetric space $\Gamma \backslash X$ into the Borel–Serre compactification $\Gamma \backslash \overline{X}$; the [[Sheaf|sheaf]] $\mathcal{M}$ extends to a local system on this compactification. The Borel–Serre compactification is a manifold with corners; let $\partial ( \Gamma \backslash X )$ be its boundary. Then there is an [[Exact sequence|exact sequence]]

\begin{equation*} \dots \rightarrow H ^ { \bullet - 1 } ( \partial ( \Gamma \backslash X ) , \tilde { \mathcal{M} } ) \rightarrow H _ { c } ^ { \bullet } ( \Gamma \backslash X , \tilde { \mathcal{M} } ) \rightarrow \end{equation*}

\begin{equation*} \rightarrow H ^ { \bullet } ( \Gamma \backslash X , \widetilde { \mathcal{M} } ) \stackrel { r } { \rightarrow } H ^ { \bullet } ( \partial ( \Gamma \backslash X ) , \widetilde { \mathcal{M} } )\rightarrow \dots . \end{equation*}

This raises the question to understand such sequences: What is the cohomology of the boundary $H ^ { \bullet } ( \partial ( \Gamma \backslash X ) , \widetilde { M } )$ and what is the image of the  "global"  cohomology $H ^ { \bullet } ( \Gamma \backslash X , \tilde { \mathcal{M} } )$ in the cohomology of the boundary?

Understanding the cohomology of the boundary requires understanding the cohomology of groups of lower rank, which is sometimes not so difficult. For instance, in the special example above the boundary consists of a finite number $h$ of circles and

\begin{equation*} H ^ { \bullet } ( \partial ( \Gamma \backslash X ) , \tilde { \mathcal{M} } ) = H ^ { 0 } \bigoplus H ^ { 1 } \overset{\sim}{\rightarrow} \mathbf{Q} ^ { h } \bigoplus \mathbf{Q} ^ { h }. \end{equation*}

Eisenstein cohomology is designed to provide some understanding of the restriction mapping $r$. One starts from a class $\omega$ (or a certain space of classes) in the cohomology of the boundary. Viewing it as a class in the [[De Rham cohomology|de Rham cohomology]], one can represent it by a form which is not invariant under $\Gamma$, but which is invariant under the smaller group $\Gamma _ { P }$ given by the intersection of $\Gamma$ with a [[Parabolic subgroup|parabolic subgroup]] $P$ which enters in the datum $\omega$. Then one forms the sum

\begin{equation*} \operatorname { Eis } ( \omega ) = \sum _ { \gamma \in \Gamma / \Gamma _ { P } } \gamma \,\omega, \end{equation*}

giving a global class. The only difficulty is that this sum need not converge. Hence the form $\omega$ has to be  "twisted"  by a parameter $s$ varying in a space ${\bf C} ^ { r }$ and whose real part should be large. Then the sum

\begin{equation*} \operatorname{Eis}( \omega , s ) = \sum _ { \gamma \in \Gamma / \Gamma _ { P } } \gamma \omega _ { s } \end{equation*}

will be convergent and represent a [[Holomorphic function|holomorphic function]] in $s$. Langlands' general theory of Eisenstein series implies that this function has a meromorphic continuation and hence one can  "evaluate"  at $s = 0$. However, various things may happen. One may encounter a pole or the class $\operatorname{Eis} ( \omega , 0 )$ need not be closed. If it is closed, one has to compute its restriction to the boundary.

What happens exactly depends, of course, on the original data. The original form $\omega$ should be specified more precisely; for instance, one may assume that it is an eigenform for a certain subalgebra of the Hecke algebra. Then as such it produces certain $L$-functions $L ( \omega , r , s )$ (cf. also [[L-function|$L$-function]]) and the answer to the above questions depends on the behaviour of certain of these $L$-functions at $s = 0$.

This program has been carried out successfully in some low-dimensional cases, see, for instance, [[#References|[a2]]], [[#References|[a3]]], [[#References|[a7]]]. In the example, the restriction mapping $r$ is surjective in degree one and zero in degree zero if $n &gt; 0$. If $n = 0$, then the image of $r$ in degree one has codimension $1$ and dimension $1$ in degree zero. Actually, in this case the theory of Eisenstein series is not needed, since purely topological arguments are sufficient.

It has been demonstrated in [[#References|[a2]]], [[#References|[a3]]], [[#References|[a7]]] that a detailed understanding of the Eisenstein cohomology may have certain arithmetic implications; for instance, one obtains rationality results for special values of $L$-functions. One may also hope that via the influence of the values of the $L$-functions on the structure of the cohomology as a module under the Hecke algebra, some interesting arithmetic objects (mixed motives, unramified field extensions) can be constructed that owe their existence to the (arithmetic) properties of certain $L$-values; see [[#References|[a4]]], [[#References|[a5]]], [[#References|[a6]]].

Finally, there is the following fundamental and very general theorem of J. Franke [[#References|[a1]]]. Using the Eisenstein series and their residues and derivatives one can define the subspace $\mathcal{A} ( \Gamma \backslash G ( \mathbf{R} ) ) \subset C _ { 0 } ( \Gamma \backslash G ( \mathbf{R} ) )$. This space can also be characterized as a space of functions that satisfy certain growth conditions and differential equations.

This subspace is  "very small"  and Franke's theorem says that the mapping

\begin{equation*} \operatorname { Hom}_{K_\infty}( \Lambda ^ { \bullet } ( \mathfrak { g } / \mathfrak { k } ) , \mathcal{A} ( \Gamma \backslash G ( \mathbf{R} ) ) \bigotimes \mathcal{M} _ { \text{C} } ) \overset{\sim}{\rightarrow} \end{equation*}

\begin{equation*} \overset{\sim}{\to}\operatorname { Hom } _ { K _ { \infty } } ( \Lambda ^ { \bullet } ( \mathfrak { g } / \mathfrak { k } ) , {\cal C} _ { \infty } ( \Gamma \backslash G ( {\bf R} ) \bigotimes {\cal M} _ {\bf C } ) ) \end{equation*}

induces an isomorphism in cohomology.

====References====
<table><tr><td valign="top">[a1]</td> <td valign="top">  J. Franke,   "Harmonic analysis in weighted $L_{2}$-spaces"  ''Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. (4)'' , '''31'''  (1998)  pp. 181–279</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a2]</td> <td valign="top">  G. Harder,   "Eisenstein cohomology of arithmetic groups: The case $G L _ { 2 }$"  ''Invent. Math.'' , '''89'''  (1987)  pp. 37–118</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a3]</td> <td valign="top">  G. Harder,   "Some results on the Eisenstein cohomology of arithmetic subgroups of $GL_n$"  J.P. Labesse (ed.)  J. Schwermer (ed.) , ''Cohomology of Arithmetic Groups. Proc. Conf. CIRM'' , ''Lecture Notes in Mathematics'' , '''1447''' , Springer  (1990)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a4]</td> <td valign="top">  G. Harder,   "Eisenstein cohomology of arithmetic groups and its applications to number theory" , ''Proc. ICM (Kyoto, 1990)'' , Math. Soc. Japan  (1991)  pp. 779–790</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a5]</td> <td valign="top">  G. Harder,   "Eisensteinkohomologie und die Konstruktion gemischter Motive" , ''Lecture Notes in Mathematics'' , '''1562''' , Springer  (1993)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a6]</td> <td valign="top">  G. Harder,   R. Pink,   "Modular konstruierte unverzweigte abelsche $p$-Erweiterungen von $\mathbf{Q} ( \zeta ( p ) )$ und die Struktur ihrer Galoisgruppen"  ''Math. Nachr.'' , '''159'''  (1992)  pp. 83–99</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a7]</td> <td valign="top">  J. Schwermer,   "On Euler products and residual Eisenstein cohomology classes for Siegel modular varieties"  ''Forum Math.'' , '''7'''  (1995)  pp. 1–28</td></tr></table>