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Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a [[Small category|small category]], $\mathcal{A}$ an [[Abelian category|Abelian category]] with exact infinite products, and $M : \mathcal{C} \rightarrow \mathcal{A}$ a covariant [[Functor|functor]]. Define the objects $C ^ { n } ( \mathcal{C} , M )$ for $n \geq 0$ in the following way:

\begin{equation*} C ^ { 0 } ( \mathcal{C} , M ) = \prod _ { C \in  \text{OC} } M ( C ), \end{equation*}

\begin{equation*} C ^ { n } ( {\cal C} , M ) = \prod _ { \langle \alpha _ { 1 } , \dots , \alpha _ { n } \rangle } M ( \operatorname { codom } \alpha _ { n } ) , n > 0, \end{equation*}

where $( \alpha _ { 1 } , \dots , \alpha _ { n } )$ is a sequence of morphisms of $\mathcal{C}$ with $\operatorname { codom} \alpha _ { i } = \operatorname { dom } \alpha _ { i + 1 }$, $1 \leq i \leq n - 1$. Let

\begin{equation*} d ^ { n } : C ^ { n } ( \mathcal{C} , M ) \rightarrow C ^ { n + 1 } ( \mathcal{C} , M ) \end{equation*}

be the [[Monomorphism|monomorphism]] induced by the family of morphisms

\begin{equation*} \{ M ( \alpha ) \text { pr} _ { \text {dom } \alpha } - \text { pr}_{ \text {codom } \alpha } \}_{ \alpha} \quad \text { for } n = 0, \end{equation*}

and by the family

\begin{equation*} \{ M ( \alpha _ { n +1}  ) \text { pr }_{ ( \alpha _ { 1 } , \dots , \alpha _ { n } )}+ \end{equation*}

\begin{equation*} +\sum _ { i < n + 1 } ( - 1 ) ^ { n + 1 - i } \operatorname { pr }_{ ( \alpha _ { 1 } , \dots , \alpha _ { i + 1 } \alpha _ { i } , \ldots , \alpha _ { n + 1 } ) }+ \end{equation*}

\begin{equation*} \left. + ( - 1 ) ^ { n + 1 } \operatorname { pr }_{ ( \alpha _ { 2 } , \dots , \alpha _ { n + 1 } ) }\right\}_{ ( \alpha _ { 1 } , \dots , \alpha _ { n + 1 } )} \end{equation*}

\begin{equation*} \text{for} \, n > 0. \end{equation*}

Here, $\operatorname { pr } _{( \alpha _ { 1 } , \dots , \alpha _ { n } )}$ denotes the projection $C ^ { n } ( \mathcal{C} , M ) \rightarrow M( \operatorname{ codom } \alpha_n$).

The morphisms $d ^ { n }$, $n \geq 0$ satisfy the conditions $d ^ { n + 1 } d ^ { n } = 0$, and therefore one obtains a complex $C ^ { * } (  \mathcal{C} , M )$ in $\mathcal{A}$. The homology objects of this complex are called the cohomology of $\mathcal{C}$ with coefficients in $M$ and are denoted by $H ^ { n } ( \mathcal{C} , M )$. For any functor $M : \mathcal{C} \rightarrow \mathcal{A}$ there are a functor $c M : \mathcal{C} \rightarrow A$ (called the co-induced functor) and a monomorphism $M \rightarrow c M$ such that $H ^ { n } ( \mathcal{C} , cM ) = 0$ for $n > 0$.

The functor $C ^ { * } ( \mathcal{C} , - )$ is an [[Exact functor|exact functor]]. Therefore, any short [[Exact sequence|exact sequence]] of functors induces a long exact sequence of cohomology objects of $\mathcal{C}$. It can be proved that the functors $\{ H ^ { n } ( \mathcal{C} , - ) : n \geq 0 \}$ form a universal connected (exact) sequence of functors and that

\begin{equation*} H ^ { n } ( {\cal C} , M ) = \underline{\operatorname { lim }} \leftarrow ^ { n } M, \end{equation*}

where $\underline{\operatorname { lim }} \leftarrow ^ { n }$ is $n$th right satellite of the functor $\operatorname { \underline{lim} }  \leftarrow : \mathcal{A} ^ { \mathbf{C} } \rightarrow A$ (here, $\mathcal{A } ^ { \text{C} }$ denotes the category of functors from $\mathcal{C}$ to $\mathcal{A}$, and $\underline{\operatorname{lim}} \leftarrow$ is an (inverse) limit functor).

For a small category $\mathcal{C}$, let $Z \mathcal C $ denote the pre-additive category whose objects are those of $\mathcal{C}$ and $Z \mathcal{C} ( C , C^{\prime} )$ is the free [[Abelian group|Abelian group]] on $\mathcal{C} ( C , C ^ { \prime } )$ (cf. also [[Free group|Free group]]). Composition is defined in the unique way so as to be bilinear and to make the inclusion ${\cal C} \rightarrow {\bf Z} {\cal C}$ a functor. If $\mathcal{C}$ is a [[Monoid|monoid]], then $Z \mathcal C $ is the monoid ring of $\mathcal{C}$ with coefficients in $Z$. The inclusion ${\cal C} \rightarrow {\bf Z} {\cal C}$ induces an isomorphism of categories

\begin{equation*} \text{Ab} ^ { \text{ZC} } \approx \text{Ab} ^ { \text{C} } \end{equation*}

where the left-side is the category of additive functors from $Z \mathcal C $ to $\operatorname{Ab}$ (the category of Abelian groups) and the right-hand side side is the category of all functors from $\mathcal{C}$ to $\operatorname{Ab}$.

If $\mathcal{A}$ is the category of Abelian groups (${\cal A} =  \operatorname{Ab}$), one has

\begin{equation*} H ^ { n } ( {\cal C} , M ) = \operatorname { Ext } _ { Z {\bf C} } ^ { n } ( {\cal Z} , M ), \end{equation*}

where $\mathcal Z$ denotes the constant functor $Z \mathcal{C} \rightarrow \operatorname{Ab}$ (i.e. $Z ( C ) = \mathcal{Z}$, $Z ( \alpha ) = 1 _ { \mathbf{Z} }$ for any object $C$ and any morphism $\alpha$ of $\mathcal{C}$), and <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/c/c120/c120070/c12007070.png"/> is taken in the category of additive functors $\text{Ab} ^ { \text{ZC} }$.

If $\mathcal{C}$ is a [[Group|group]] (i.e. a category with one object and whose morphisms are invertible) and ${\cal A} =  \operatorname{Ab}$, then the groups $H ^ { n } ( \mathcal{C} , M )$ are the cohomology groups (cf. also [[Cohomology group|Cohomology group]]) of the group $\mathcal{C}$ with coefficients in $M$, which is a [[Module|module]] over the group ring $Z \mathcal C $ (cf. also [[Cross product|Cross product]]). In this case the co-induced functor $c M$ is a co-induced $Z \mathcal C $-module $\operatorname{Ab} ( Z ({\cal C} ) , M )$.

As for the case of groups, $n$-fold extensions of categories can be defined and the isomorphism with $n + 1$ cohomologies of categories can be established. Under additional assumptions, the properties of group cohomologies are obtained for category cohomologies (e.g. the universal coefficient formula for the cohomology group of a category, etc.).

For a [[Commutative ring|commutative ring]] $K$, a $K$-category is a category $\mathcal{C}$ equipped with a $K$-module structure on each hom-set in such a way that composition induces a $K$-module homomorphism. If $K = \mathcal{Z}$, a $\mathcal Z$-category is just a pre-additive category. B. Mitchell has defined the (Hochshild) cohomology group of a small $K$-category $\mathcal{C}$ with coefficients in a bimodule (i.e., bifunctor) $F : {\cal C} ^ { * } \otimes _ { k } {\cal C} \rightarrow \operatorname{Ab}$ (where $\mathcal{C} ^ { * } \otimes_{ k} \mathcal{C}$ denotes the [[Tensor product|tensor product]] of categories). H.-J. Baues and G. Wirshing have introduced cohomology of a small category with coefficients in a natural system, which generalizes known concepts and uses Abelian-group-valued functors (i.e. modules) and bifunctors as coefficients.

====References====
<table>
<tr><td valign="top">[a1]</td> <td valign="top">  H.-J. Baues,   G. Wirshing,   "Cohomology of small categories"  ''J. Pure Appl. Algebra'' , '''38'''  (1985)  pp. 187–211</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a2]</td> <td valign="top">  T. Datuashvili,   "The cohomology of categories"  ''Tr. Tbiliss. Mat. Inst. A. Razmadze, Akad. Nauk Gruzin.SSR'' , '''62'''  (1979)  pp. 28–37</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a3]</td> <td valign="top">  G. Hoff,   "On the cohomology of categories"  ''Rend. Math. (VI)'' , '''7''' :  2  (1974)  pp. 169–192</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a4]</td> <td valign="top">  M.J. Lee,   "A generalized Mayer–Vietoris sequence"  ''Math. Jap.'' , '''19''' :  1  (1974)  pp. 41–50</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a5]</td> <td valign="top">  B. Mitchell,   "Rings with several objects"  ''Adv. Math.'' , '''8'''  (1972)  pp. 1–161</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a6]</td> <td valign="top">  D.G. Quillen,   "Higher algebraic $K$-theories"  H. Bass (ed.) , ''Algebraic $K$-theory I'' , ''Lecture Notes Math.'' , '''341''' , Springer  (1973)  pp. 85–147</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a7]</td> <td valign="top">  J.-E. Roos,   "Sur les foncteurs derives de $\operatorname { lim }_\lambda$. Applications"  ''C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris'' , '''252'''  (1961)  pp. 3702–3704</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a8]</td> <td valign="top">  Ch.E. Watts,   "A homology theory for small categories" , ''Proc. Conf. Categorical Algebra (La Jolla, Calif., 1965)'' , Springer  (1966)  pp. 331–335</td></tr>
</table>