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A particular [[Probability distribution|probability distribution]] of random variables  $  X _ {w} $, 
characterized by the distribution function

$$ \tag{* }
F _ {w} ( t, p, \sigma , \mu )  = \ 
\left \{

\begin{array}{ll}
1-  \mathop{\rm exp} \left \{ - \left ( 
\frac{t- \mu } \sigma 

\right )  ^ {p} \right \} ,  & t > \mu ,  \\
0,  & t \leq  \mu ,  \\
\end{array} \right.

$$

where  $  p $
is a parameter of the shape of the distribution curve,  $  \sigma $
is a scale parameter and  $  \mu $
is a shift parameter. The family of distributions (*) was named after W. Weibull [[#References|[1]]], who was the first to use it in the approximation of extremal data on the tensile strength of steel during fatigue testing and to propose methods for estimating the parameters of the distribution (*). Weibull's distribution belongs to the limit distributions of the third kind for the extremal terms of a series of order statistics. It is extensively used to describe the laws governing the breakdown of such things as ball bearings, vacuum instruments and electronic components. The [[Exponential distribution|exponential distribution]] ( $  p = 1 $) 
and the [[Rayleigh distribution|Rayleigh distribution]] ( $  p = 2 $) 
are special cases of the Weibull distribution. The distribution functions (*) do not belong to the Pearson family. There are auxiliary tables, from which the Weibull distribution functions may be calculated ([[#References|[2]]]). If  $  \mu = 0 $, 
the  $  q $-level quantile is  $  \sigma [ -  \mathop{\rm ln} ( 1 - q)]  ^ {1/p} $,

$$ 
{\mathsf E} X _ {w}  ^ {k}  =  \sigma  ^ {k} \Gamma \left ( 1+ 
\frac{k}{p}
 \right ) ,\ \ 
k = 1, 2 \dots
$$

$$ 
{\mathsf D} X _ {w}  =  \sigma  ^ {2} \left [ \Gamma \left ( 1+ 
\frac{2}{p}
 \right ) - \Gamma  ^ {2} \left ( 1+ 
\frac{1}{p}
 \right ) \right ] ,
$$

where  $  \Gamma ( x) $
is the gamma-function; the coefficients of variation, skewness and excess are independent of  $  \sigma $, 
which facilitates their tabulation and the compilation of auxiliary tables which can be used to obtain parameter estimates. If  $  p \geq  1 $, 
the Weibull distribution is unimodal with mode equal to  $  \sigma ( p - 1)  ^ {1/p} $, 
while the risk function  $  \lambda ( t) = pt ^ {p- 1 } / \sigma  ^ {p} $
is non-decreasing. If  $  p < 1 $, 
the function  $  \lambda ( t) $
monotonically decreases. It is possible to construct so-called Weibull probability paper ([[#References|[3]]]). On this paper,  $  {F _ {w} } ( t, p, \sigma , 0) $
becomes a straight line; if  $  \mu > 0 $, 
the graph of  $  {F _ {w} } ( t, p, \sigma , \mu ) $
is concave, and if  $  \mu < 0 $
it is convex. Estimates of the parameters of the Weibull distribution by the quantile method yields equations which are much simpler than those obtained by the maximum-likelihood method. The simultaneous asymptotic efficiency of the estimates of the parameters  $  p $
and  $  \sigma $ (for  $  \mu = 0 $) 
by the quantile method is maximal (and equal to 0.64) if level  $  - 0.24 $
and level  $  - 0.93 $
quantiles are employed. The distribution function (*) is well-approximated by the distribution function of the log-normal distribution,

$$ 
\Phi \left ( 
\frac{ \mathop{\rm ln} ( t- b)- a }{c}
 \right )
$$

(where  $  \Phi ( x) $
is the distribution function of the standardized normal distribution and  $  - \infty < b < \infty $, 
$  - \infty < a < \infty $, 
$  c > 0 $):

$$ 
 \inf  _ {p, \sigma ,a,c } \ 
 \sup  _ { t } \ 
\left | F _ {w} ( t, p, \sigma , 0)-
\Phi \left ( 
\frac{ \mathop{\rm ln}  t- a }{c}
 \right ) \right | =
$$

$$ 
= \ 
 \inf  _ { a,c }   \sup  _ { t }  \left | F _ {w} ( t, 1, 1, 0) - \Phi \left ( 
\frac{ \mathop{\rm ln}  t- a }{c}
 \right ) \right |  =  0.038 .
$$

====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  W. Weibull,   "A statistical theory of the strength of materials" , Stockholm  (1939)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top">  B.V. Gnedenko,   Yu.K. Belyaev,   A.D. Solov'ev,   "Mathematical methods of reliability theory" , Acad. Press  (1969)  (Translated from Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top">  L. Johnson,   "The statistical treatment of fatigue experiments" , Amsterdam  (1964)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD> <TD valign="top">  H. Cramér,   "Mathematical methods of statistics" , Princeton Univ. Press  (1946)</TD></TR></table>

====Comments====

====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  N.L. Johnson,   S. Kotz,   "Distributions in statistics. Continuous univariate distributions" , Wiley  (1970)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top">  J. Galambos,   "The theory of extreme order statistics" , Wiley  (1987)</TD></TR></table>