View source for Projective representations of symmetric and alternating groups

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The classification of the projective representations of a [[Finite group|finite group]] $G$ (cf. also [[Projective representation|Projective representation]]) was obtained by I. Schur [[#References|[a9]]], [[#References|[a10]]], who showed that over the complex field $\mathbf{C}$ the problem of determining all projective representations of $G$ can be reduced to determining the linear representations of stem extensions $\tilde { G }$ of $G$, called representation groups, by its Schur multiplier $M ( G )$ (cf. also [[Schur multiplicator|Schur multiplicator]]). A standard reference is [[#References|[a5]]].

In the case of the symmetric groups $S _ { n }$ and the alternating groups $A _ { n }$ (cf. also [[Symmetric group|Symmetric group]]; [[Alternating group|Alternating group]]), Schur [[#References|[a11]]] further showed that

\begin{equation*} M ( S _ { n } ) \cong \left\{ \begin{array} { l l } { \mathbf{Z} _ { 2 } } &amp; { \text { if } n \geq 4, } \\ { \{ e \} } &amp; { \text { if } n &lt; 4, } \end{array} \right. \end{equation*}

\begin{equation*} M ( A _ { n } ) \cong \left\{ \begin{array} { l l } { \mathbf Z _ { 2 } } &amp; { \text { if } n \geq 4 , n \neq 6,7, } \\ { \mathbf Z _ { 6 } } &amp; { \text { if } n = 6,7, } \\ { \{ e \} } &amp; { \text { if } n &lt; 4. } \end{array} \right. \end{equation*}

The representation groups are not unique, for $n \geq 4$ there are two for $S _ { n }$; however, to determine the projective representations of $S _ { n }$ it suffices to consider one of these, which will be denoted by $\tilde { S } _ { n }$; similarly, $\tilde { A } _ { n }$ is a representation group of $A _ { n }$. The non-linear representations of $\tilde { S } _ { n }$ and $\tilde { A } _ { n }$, that is, those representations $T$ for which $T ( z ) = - I _ { n }$, $n = \operatorname { dim } T$, where $z$ is the generator of $\mathbf{Z}_{2}$ are called spin representations. Schur [[#References|[a10]]] classified the complex irreducible spin representations of $\tilde { S } _ { n }$ and $\tilde { A } _ { n }$, $n \geq 4$ (and also the remaining non-linear projective representations for $\tilde{A} _ { 6 }$ and $\tilde { A } _ { 7 }$). Although more complicated, the classification of the spin representations follows the corresponding results for the linear representations of these groups. (cf. [[Representation of the symmetric groups|Representation of the symmetric groups]]). A standard reference is [[#References|[a4]]], but see also [[#References|[a12]]].

In this case, the irreducible spin representations are parametrized by the set $\operatorname{SP} ( n )$ of strict partitions $\lambda = ( \lambda _ { 1 } , \dots , \lambda _ { r  ( \lambda ) })$ of $n$, where $\lambda _ { 1 } &gt; \ldots &gt; \lambda _ { r(\lambda) } ( \lambda ) &gt; 0$. If $\operatorname {SP} ^ { + } ( n )$ (respectively, $\text{SP} ^ { - } ( n )$) denotes the subset of $\operatorname{SP} ( n )$ where the number of even parts is even (odd), then a complete list of irreducible spin representations is:

\begin{equation*} \{ T _ { \lambda } : \lambda \in \operatorname{SP} ^ { + } ( n ) \} \bigcup \{ T _ { \lambda } , T _ { \lambda } ^ { \prime } = \operatorname { sgn } . T _ { \lambda } : \lambda \in \operatorname{SP} ^ { - } ( n ) \}, \end{equation*}

where <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/p/p130/p130130/p13013037.png"/> is the sign representation of $S _ { n }$. The characters of these representations, called spin characters and denoted by $\zeta_{ \lambda}$ and $\zeta _ { \lambda } ^ { \prime }$, can take only non-zero values on the classes of $S _ { n }$ which are of cycle-type corresponding to partitions in $O ( n )$, with all parts odd, and in $\text{SP} ^ { - } ( n )$. The values of the spin characters can be given explicitly in the case $\text{SP} ^ { - } ( n )$, but for $O ( n )$ can be determined from a class of symmetric functions introduced for this purpose by Schur and now called Schur $Q$-functions (cf. [[Schur Q-function|Schur $Q$-function]]) — these play an analogous role to that of Schur functions for linear representations of $S _ { n }$ (cf. [[Schur functions in algebraic combinatorics|Schur functions in algebraic combinatorics]]). For each $\lambda \in \operatorname{SP} ( n )$, let $Q_\lambda$ denote the corresponding Schur $Q$-function; then

\begin{equation*} Q _ { \lambda } = \frac { 1 } { n ! } \sum _ { \pi \in O ( n ) } 2 ^ { ( r ( \lambda ) + r ( \pi ) + \epsilon ( \lambda ) ) / 2 } k _ { \pi } \zeta _ { \lambda } ^ { \pi } p _ { \pi }, \end{equation*}

where $\zeta _ { \lambda } ^ { \pi }$ is the value of $\zeta_{ \lambda}$ at the class of cycle-type $\pi$, $ { k } _ { \pi }$ is the order of that class and $p _ { \pi }$ is the corresponding power-sum symmetric function and $\epsilon ( \lambda ) = 0$ or $1$ according as $n - r ( \lambda )$ is even or odd. If $\lambda \in SP ^ { - } ( n )$, then

\begin{equation*} \zeta _ { \lambda } ^ { \lambda } = i ^ { ( n - r ( \lambda ) + 1 ) / 2 } \sqrt { ( \lambda _ { 1 } \ldots \lambda _ { r ( \lambda ) } ) / 2 } \end{equation*}

and

\begin{equation*} \zeta _ { \lambda } ^ { \mu } = 0 \text { if } \mu \neq \lambda , \mu \in \text{SP} ^ { - } ( n ). \end{equation*}

Schur also determined the dimension formula

<table class="eq" style="width:100%;"> <tr><td style="width:94%;text-align:center;" valign="top"><img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/p/p130/p130130/p13013065.png"/></td> </tr></table>

The spin representations of $\tilde { A } _ { n }$ are now easily determined; if $\lambda \in SP ^ { - } ( n )$, then <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/p/p130/p130130/p13013068.png"/> is an irreducible spin representation and if $\lambda \in \operatorname {SP} ^ { + } ( n )$, then $T _ { \lambda }$ splits into two conjugate irreducible spin representations $T _ { \lambda } ^ { + }$ and $T^- _ { {\lambda} }$ of equal dimension and

\begin{equation*} \zeta _ { \lambda } ^ { + \lambda } = \zeta _ { \lambda } ^ { - \lambda } = i ^ { ( n - r ( \lambda ) ) / 2 } \sqrt { ( \lambda _ { 1 } \ldots \lambda _ { r ( \lambda ) } ) }. \end{equation*}

All these results appeared in Schur's 1911 paper [[#References|[a11]]] — the subject then lay dormant until the appearance of papers by A.O. Morris in the early 1960{}s [[#References|[a6]]], [[#References|[a7]]], where the combinatorial concepts of bars and bar lengths were introduced (cf. [[Schur Q-function|Schur $Q$-function]]); these correspond to the concepts of hooks and hook lengths in the linear case. Thus, the above dimension formula can be interpreted in terms of bar lengths:

\begin{equation*} \operatorname { dim } T _ { \lambda } = 2 ^ { [ ( n - r ( \lambda ) ) / 2 ] } \frac { n ! } { \prod _ { ( i , j ) } b _ { i j } }, \end{equation*}

where $b _ {ij }$ denotes the bar length at the $( i , j )$th node in the [[Young diagram|Young diagram]] corresponding to $\lambda$. Also, a recursion formula for calculating the irreducible spin characters analogous to the Murnaghan–Nakayama formula in the linear case was obtained in terms of these concepts. In all these formulas, as in the above dimension formula, the real difference is the complication added by the powers of $2$ which appear.

Totally lacking until the 1990 work of M.L. Nazarov [[#References|[a8]]] were explicit methods for constructing the irreducible spin matrix representations corresponding to each partition $\lambda \in \operatorname{SP} ( n )$ — these generalize the ones given by Schur for the partition $( n )$. The method is comparable to the classical construction of the semi-normal form given by A. Young (cf. [[Representation of the symmetric groups|Representation of the symmetric groups]]). More recently, Nazarov has generalized Young's symmetrizer to the spin case. However, there are presently (2000) no analogues developed to Specht modules (cf. [[Specht module|Specht module]]).

Some progress has been made on the modular spin representations of these groups. In 2001, the two papers [[#References|[a2]]] and [[#References|[a3]]] by J. Brundan and A. Kleshchev completely overturned the position. A conjecture corresponding to the classical Nakayama conjecture on the distribution of the spin characters into their $p$-blocks has been proved — but, in general, the position here is even less understood than in the case of the modular ordinary representations.

See [[#References|[a1]]] for the most recent developments.

====References====
<table><tr><td valign="top">[a1]</td> <td valign="top">  C. Bessenrodt,   "Algebra and combinatorics"  ''Progress in Math.'' , '''168'''  (1998)  pp. 64–91</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a2]</td> <td valign="top">  J. Brundan,   A. Kleshchev,   "Projective representations of the symmetric group via Sergeev duality"  ''Math. Z.''  (to appear)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a3]</td> <td valign="top">  J. Brundan,   A. Kleshchev,   "Hecke–Clifford superalgebras, crystals of type $A _ { 2 l } ^ { ( * ) }$ and modular branching rules for $\tilde { S } _ { n }$"  (to appear)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a4]</td> <td valign="top">  P.N. Hoffman,   J.F. Humphreys,   "Projective representations of the symmetric groups" , Oxford Univ. Press  (1992)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a5]</td> <td valign="top">  G. Karpilovsky,   "Projective representations of finite groups" , M. Dekker  (1995)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a6]</td> <td valign="top">  A.O. Morris,   "The spin representation of the symmetric group"  ''Proc. London Math. Soc.'' , '''12''' :  3  (1962)  pp. 55–76</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a7]</td> <td valign="top">  A.O. Morris,   "The spin representation of the symmetric group"  ''Canad. J. Math.'' , '''17'''  (1965)  pp. 543–549</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a8]</td> <td valign="top">  M.L. Nazarov,   "Young's orthogonal form of irreducible projective representations of the symmetric group"  ''J. London Math. Soc.'' , '''42''' :  2  (1990)  pp. 437–451</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a9]</td> <td valign="top">  I. Schur,   "Über die Darstellung der endlichen Gruppen durch gebrochene lineare Substitutionen"  ''J. Reine Angew. Math.'' , '''127'''  (1904)  pp. 20–50</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a10]</td> <td valign="top">  I. Schur,   "Untersuchungen über die Darstellung der endlichen Gruppen durch gebrochene lineare Substitutionen"  ''J. Reine Angew. Math.'' , '''132'''  (1907)  pp. 85–137</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a11]</td> <td valign="top">  I. Schur,   "Über die Darstellung der symmetrischen und der alternierenden Gruppe durch gebrochene lineare Substitutionen"  ''J. Reine Angew. Math.'' , '''139'''  (1911)  pp. 155–250</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">[a12]</td> <td valign="top">  J.R. Stembridge,   "Shifted tableaux and projective representations of symmetric groups"  ''Adv. Math.'' , '''74'''  (1989)  pp. 87–134</td></tr></table>