View source for Energy integral

<!--
e0356401.png
$#A+1 = 16 n = 0
$#C+1 = 16 : ~/encyclopedia/old_files/data/E035/E.0305640 Energy integral
Automatically converted into TeX, above some diagnostics.
Please remove this comment and the {{TEX|auto}} line below,
if TeX found to be correct.
-->

{{TEX|auto}}
{{TEX|done}}

A quantity representing the sum of the kinetic and the potential energy of a mechanical system at a certain moment in time.

Suppose, for example, that in a bounded domain  $  G $
with piecewise-smooth boundary  $  S $
for a hyperbolic partial differential equation

$$ \tag{1 }
\rho 
\frac{\partial   ^ {2} u }{\partial  t  ^ {2} }
  = \ 
 \mathop{\rm div} ( p   \mathop{\rm grad}  u ) - q u + F
( x , t )  \equiv  - L u + F ( x , t ) ,
$$

where

$$ 
p  \in  C  ^ {1} ( G) ,\  q  \in  C ( \overline{G}\; ) ,\ \ 
p ( x)  >  0 ,\  q ( x)  \geq   0 ,\ \ 
\rho  \in  C ( G) ,
$$

one poses the mixed problem

$$ \tag{2 }
\left . u \right | _ {t = + 0 }   =  u _ {0} ( x) ,\ \ 
\left . 
\frac{\partial  u }{\partial  t }
 \right | _ {t = + 0 }   = \ 
u _ {1} ( x) ,
$$

$$ \tag{3 }
\alpha u + \beta \left . 
\frac{\partial  u }{\partial  n }
 \right | _ {S}  =  0 ,\  t >  0 ,
$$

$$ 
\alpha , \beta  \in  C ( S) ,\  \alpha ( x),\ 
\beta ( x)  \geq   0 ,\  \alpha ( x) + \beta ( x)  >  0 .
$$

A classical solution of (2)–(3) is a function  $  u ( x , t ) $
of class  $  C  ^ {2} ( G \times ( 0 , \infty ) ) \cap C  ^ {1} ( \overline{ {G \times ( 0 , \infty ) }}\; ) $
satisfying (1) in the cylinder  $  G \times ( 0 , \infty ) $, 
the initial conditions (2) on the lower base, and the boundary condition (3) on the lateral surface of the cylinder.

Then the relation

$$ \tag{4 }
J  ^ {2} ( t)  =  J  ^ {2} ( 0) + \int\limits _ { 0 } ^ { t }  \int\limits _ { G }
F ( x , \tau ) 
\frac{\partial  u ( x, \tau ) }{\partial  \tau }
 \ 
d \tau  dx ,\  t \geq  0 ,
$$

holds, where

$$ 
J  ^ {2} ( 0)  =  
\frac{1}{2}
 \int\limits _ { G } ( \rho u _ {1}  ^ {2} + p |
 \mathop{\rm grad}  u _ {0} |  ^ {2} + q u _ {0}  ^ {2} )  dx + 
\frac{1}{2}

\int\limits _ {S _ {0} } p 
\frac \alpha  \beta 
 u _ {0}  ^ {2}  d S .
$$

The energy integral is defined as the quantity

$$ 
J  ^ {2} ( t)  =  
\frac{1}{2}
 \int\limits _ { G } \left [
\rho \left ( 
\frac{\partial  u }{\partial  t }
 \right )  ^ {2} + p
|  \mathop{\rm grad}  u |  ^ {2} + q u  ^ {2} \right ]  d x +
$$

$$ 
+ 

\frac{1}{2}
 \int\limits _ {S _ {0} } p 
\frac \alpha  \beta 
 u  ^ {2}  d S .
$$

For  $  F = 0 $
equality (4) takes the form

$$ 
J  ^ {2} ( t)  =  J  ^ {2} ( 0) ,\ \ 
t \geq  0 .
$$

The physical meaning of the energy integral consists in the fact that the total energy of an oscillating system in the absence of external perturbations does not change in time (the law of conservation of energy).

====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  V.S. Vladimirov,   "Equations of mathematical physics" , MIR  (1984)  (Translated from Russian)  {{MR|0764399}} {{ZBL|0954.35001}} {{ZBL|0652.35002}} {{ZBL|0695.35001}} {{ZBL|0699.35005}} {{ZBL|0607.35001}} {{ZBL|0506.35001}} {{ZBL|0223.35002}} {{ZBL|0231.35002}} {{ZBL|0207.09101}} </TD></TR></table>

====Comments====

====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  O.A. Ladyzhenskaya,   N.N. Ural'tseva,   "Equations aux dérivées partielles de type elliptique" , Dunod  (1969)  (Translated from Russian)  {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0164.13001}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top">  O.A. Ladyzhenskaya,   V.A. Solonnikov,   N.N. Ural'tseva,   "Linear and quasi-linear equations of parabolic type" , Amer. Math. Soc.  (1968)  (Translated from Russian)  {{MR|}} {{ZBL|0174.15403}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a3]</TD> <TD valign="top">  L. Bers,   F. John,   M. Schechter,   "Partial differential equations" , Interscience  (1966)  {{MR|0208121}} {{ZBL|0143.32403}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a4]</TD> <TD valign="top">  F. John,   "Partial differential equations" , Springer  (1978)  {{MR|0514404}} {{MR|0502136}} {{MR|0470380}} {{ZBL|0456.65060}} {{ZBL|0426.35002}} {{ZBL|0413.93002}} {{ZBL|0397.35041}} {{ZBL|0396.35037}} {{ZBL|0381.35059}} {{ZBL|0377.65045}} {{ZBL|0368.34003}} </TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a5]</TD> <TD valign="top">  P.R. Garabedian,   "Partial differential equations" , Wiley  (1967)  {{MR|1657375}} {{MR|0943117}} {{MR|0162045}} {{MR|0176086}} {{MR|0129167}} {{MR|0120441}} {{MR|0060698}} {{MR|0054819}} {{MR|0046440}} {{ZBL|0913.35001}} {{ZBL|0124.30501}} {{ZBL|0133.04402}} {{ZBL|0096.06503}} {{ZBL|0058.08902}} {{ZBL|0050.10002}} </TD></TR></table>